"Correlation/Regression QA"

Use the following information to answer the following 15 questions.
A researcher wants to determine the relationship between Number of Cigarettes Smoked (X) and Lung Function (Y). The researcher asks participants how many cigarettes they average smoking per day and measures their lung function. The data are presented below.
Number of Cigarettes:   
0,     0,    0,     0.     5,     5,     5,    10,   10,   10,   13,   20,   20,   30,   30,   30,   40,   60
Lung Function:            
100,   88,   98,   97,   94,   84,   88,   80,   86,   80,   82,   70,   78,   82,   55,   57,   54,   67

5)What is the value of the observed test statistic (t) used to determine whether, in the population, this relationship is significantly different from zero (Round to two decimal places)?  

11) If appropriate, calculate the proportion of variation in Lung Function that is not accounted for by Number of Cigarettes Smoked (Round to two decimal places). If it is not appropriate to calculate this, input 999.

12) If appropriate, calculate the slope of the regression equation for predicting Lung Function from Number of Cigarettes smoked (Round to three decimal places). If it is not appropriate to calculate, input 999.

13)If appropriate, calculate the y-intercept of the regression equation for predicting Lung Function from Number of Cigarettes smoked (Round to three decimal places). If it is not appropriate to calculate, input 999.

14) If appropriate to calculate, what would you predict for the Lung Function of an individual that smoked 80 cigarettes per day (Round to three decimal places)? If not appropriate to calculate, input 999.

15) Only calculate if it is appropriate to calculate this. In the data presented above, one individual who smokes zero cigarettes per day has a perfect lung function score of 100. What would you predict that their lung function score should be (Round to three decimal places)? If not appropriate to calculate this, input 999.

The University of Pittsburgh Medical (UPMS) School grades each class in the following manner:

All students whose score is plus or minus two standard deviations from the mean course score receive a grade of “Pass.”

Students whose score is above two standard deviations from the course mean receive a grade of “Pass with Distinction.”

And, students whose score is below two standard deviations from the course mean receive a grade of “Fail.” Course scores are always assumed to be normally distributed.

Approximately what percentage of medical students in each class receives a “Pass with Distinction”?

Legal and Ethical Issues:Case Study Cathy Smith, an eighty-eight-year-old woman, was admitted to the emergency room from the nursing facility with acute respiratory distress. Although Smith does not have a living will, her daughter Rose, a health care professional, has the power of attorney (POA) to make her mother's health decisions. Smith suffers from end-stage Alzheimer's disease and recently experienced congestive heart failure. Her condition is alarming. The doctors want to place her on life-support equipment, including a ventilator. Smith's son, Andrew, agrees with the doctor's decision. However, Rose states her mother would never want to be placed on life-support machines to prolong her life. Analyze the scenario and answer the following questions: What are the autonomy-beneficial conflicts between Rose and Andrew related to placing their mother on life support in this case? Who has the right to make the decision on behalf of the client? Why? What are the ethical issues related to the competency and decision-making capacity of the client while making the health care decisions? Do these issues impact the services offered in long-term care? How? What are some of the critical issues related to informed consent? Who has the right to assume this responsibility? Why? To support your work, use your course and textbook readings and also use the South University Online Library. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. Your initial posting should be addressed at 150-300 words. Post your response to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Respond to at least two posts by the end of the week. Be sure to cite your sources using APA format.

Assignment: You are the audit senior in charge of field work for the 2017 audit of Curl Up and Dye, Inc., a chain of women’s beauty parlors. Substantive tests reveal that CU&D’s Accounts Receivable account as of December 31, 2017 includes $184,900 due from officers. Minutes indicate that the Board of Directors approved those loans. A member of the audit committee gives you copies of the “demand notes” which appear to be properly signed and dated by the officers who borrowed from the company. You ask the CEO, an officer who owes approximately half of $184,900 due to the company, whether the company will require officers to repay these loans. He replies that officers might someday repay the loans, but it is possible that the Board of Directors will eventually forgive the loans as part of officers’ annual bonuses. $184,900 is a material amount for this audit.

1) What other questions, if any, would you ask for information, if any, would you like to obtain for the existence and valuation assertions?

2) What disclosure is necessary in the company’s financial statements, including notes to the financial statements? Search FASB Acccounting Standards Codification for required disclosure (See below for search method). Cite the Code section(s) that you think is (are) relevant.

3) What journal entry(ies), if any, would you propose?

Case 3-6 Full Disclosure: The Case of the Morally Challenged AP Clerk

(a GVV case)

John Stanton, CPA, is a seasoned accountant who left his Big-4 CPA firm Senior Manager position to become the CFO of a highly successful hundred-million-dollar privately held manufacturer of solar panels. The company wanted John’s expertise in the renewable energy sector and his pedigree from working for one of the Big-4 firms. The company plans to go public later this year and wants John to lead the effort. Everything went well for the first two months until the controller, Diane Hopkins, who is also a CPA, came to John with a problem. She discovered that one of her accounts payable clerks has been embezzling money from the company by processing and approving fictitious invoices from shell companies for fictitious purchases that the AP clerk had created. Diane estimated that the clerk had been able to steal approximately $250,000 over the year and a half they worked at the company. Diane and John agreed to fire the clerk immediately and did so. They also agreed that John would report the matter to the police.

John picked up the phone and called the CEO, David Laskey, who was also the majority shareholder, to give him a heads up on what had transpired. Laskey asked John to come to his office the next day to discuss the need to report the matter to the police. Laskey shared with John that he did not think it was a good idea to report it to the police as he was fearful of the effect on taking the company public and the initial public offering share price.

After the call, John reflected on what it would mean to not report the matter to the police and whether there were others he needed to inform about the matter.

Questions

1. To whom do John Stanton and David Laskey owe their ultimate responsibility? Explain.

2. If Stanton were to agree not to report this embezzlement to the police or disclose it in the annual report and prospectus, would he be violating the integrity or due care rule in the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct? What about acts discreditable?

3. AssumeStantonispreparingforthemeetingwithLaskey.Considerthefollowingindecidingwhatheshoulddo.

   • What can he say to Laskey to counteract the reasons Laskey provided not to notify the police?

   • Who can Stanton rely on for support in this matter? What might he say to that person(s) to encourage their support?

   • What levers can Stanton use to convince Laskey as to the correct course of action given the company’s impending IPO?

   • What should Stanton do next if Laskey orders him to drop the matter?

**Review the following passages for sentence fragments, comma splices, and run on sentences.

**Correct all errors where necessary, and bold each correction.

• “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of the noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.”

• “I believe that today more than ever a book should be sought after even if it has only one great page in it. We must search for fragments, splinters, toenails, anything that has ore in it, anything that is capable of resuscitating the body and the soul.”

• “I went to sleep with gum in my mouth and now there's gum in my hair and when I got out of bed this morning I tripped on the skateboard and by mistake I dropped my sweater in the sink while the water was running and I could tell it was going to be a terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day.”

• “We are such stuff as dreams are made on; and our little life is rounded with a sleep.”

• “For in a swift radiance of illumination he saw a glimpse of human struggle and of valor. Of the endless fluid passage of humanity through endless time. And of those who labor and of those who--one word--love. His soul expanded. But for a moment only.”

• “The lamp on the rocks on the side of the hill was little more than a mote of light and after a while they walked back. Everything too wet to make a fire.”

• “Then, slowly, the shining dwindled until it, too, was gone, and there was nothing but stars and starlight. No shadows. No fear. Only the stars and the clear darkness of space, quite different from the fearful darkness of the Thing.”

Review the following passages for sentence fragments, comma splices, and run on sentences. Correct all errors where necessary, and bold each correction.

• “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of the noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.”

• “I believe that today more than ever a book should be sought after even if it has only one great page in it. We must search for fragments, splinters, toenails, anything that has ore in it, anything that is capable of resuscitating the body and the soul.”

• “I went to sleep with gum in my mouth and now there's gum in my hair and when I got out of bed this morning I tripped on the skateboard and by mistake I dropped my sweater in the sink while the water was running and I could tell it was going to be a terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day.”

• “We are such stuff as dreams are made on; and our little life is rounded with a sleep.”

• “For in a swift radiance of illumination he saw a glimpse of human struggle and of valor. Of the endless fluid passage of humanity through endless time. And of those who labor and of those who--one word--love. His soul expanded. But for a moment only.”

• “The lamp on the rocks on the side of the hill was little more than a mote of light and after a while they walked back. Everything too wet to make a fire.”

• “Then, slowly, the shining dwindled until it, too, was gone, and there was nothing but stars and starlight. No shadows. No fear. Only the stars and the clear darkness of space, quite different from the fearful darkness of the Thing.”

Understanding Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Ethnocentrism is the tendency of people to put their own culture at the center, and to use their cultural standards to judge the behavior and beliefs of people of different cultures. People who are ethnocentric believe their cultural beliefs are morally correct and others are morally questionable. They often become so deeply engrossed in their culture that other cultures and the people in them become unimportant. To some degree all people are ethnocentric. It is a natural tendency for each of us to believe that our cultural beliefs are the best. However, ethnocentrism prevents us from becoming culturally competent and responsive to others who share differing cultural beliefs, traditions, practices, and affiliations.

The opposite of ethnocentrism is Cultural Relativism. Cultural relativism is the view that the behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another. The goal of cultural relativism is to be objective and sensitive to diverse cultures without ignoring international standards of justice and morality (Kottak & Kozaitis, 2002). The key to eliminating ethnocentrism is to first acknowledge that one is ethnocentric. Becoming more culturally relative can be achieved by recognizing the attitudes and beliefs related to ethnocentrism and then working to dispel them.

Please answer the following questions and post your answers to Blackboard.

1. How does ethnocentrism develop?

2. Did you recognize your own ethnocentric beliefs and attitudes?

3. Do people within the same culture always share the same attitudes and beliefs? If yes, why? If no why not? • Is anyone culture really better than another?

4. Are there any dangers to ethnocentric attitudes in a world that is becoming more diverse? If yes, what are the dangers?

5. How can ethnocentric beliefs and attitudes become more culturally relative?

6. What are things you can do in your life today to become more culturally relative?

7. Do you think your family and friends might resist your becoming more culturally relative, if yes, why? If no, why not?

Mr. C is a 22 year old, white, single, male who is in his third year at a local university in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He is majoring in Philosophy and American studies. When he is not in school he lives with his parents.

He has been taken to the mental health center for an evaluation today, brought by his parents who were concerned after he was demonstrating “strange” behaviors and then abruptly dropped out of school after he failed his summer class. This baffled the parents since he has always been an A and B student. Up until three months ago he seemed to be doing okay. He was living in the dorms and there were no reports he was doing poorly. When asked why he dropped out of school, he stated the administration of the school was watching and targeting him for being a suspected spy for another university.

He stated the professor of his philosophy class warned him of this in a coded message on one of his powerpoints. None of the other students noticed this, but the message was clear to him. He also verbalized he could hear the students laugh at him behind his back. Additionally, he began hearing two voices, which he did not recognize. These voices would comment on his behavior and criticize his actions. They were telling him to drop out of school because if he didn’t the administration was going to make a public spectacle of him.

He stated he smoked a little bit of pot when he was in high school, but didn’t like it because it made him feel weird. He also didn’t like the taste of alcohol. He grew up in an upper middle class environment. His mother is an attorney working in real estate law and his father is a professor in the English department of another university in New Mexico. They stated he has always been very intelligent and always a little shy, but not overly so. He spent a lot of time alone, but his parents didn’t consider him to be a “loner” since he occasionally had one or two friends. He didn’t like to go to parties or places where there were large gatherings. The parents did not see this as odd and were glad he was keeping away from trouble. He joined a couple of youth groups in his adolescence which were tied to his church, but dropped out after he felt they were pressuring him to change his beliefs.

When the social worker entered the room to begin the evaluation, Mr. C asked her if she worked for the administration and asked to see her credentials. He was disheveled in appearance, wearing a dirty wrinkled shirt--which was different from his past habits, according to the parents. He always prided himself on being clean and neat. He was slightly agitated and during the interview got up from his chair several times. His thinking, at times, was tangential with some loosening of associations. He denied any suicidal or homicidal ideation. His only previous psychiatric history was outpatient treatment he attended with his family in a family therapy session. This occurred when he was around 15 y.o. when his parents were thinking of getting a divorce. The parents did not divorce and have remained together. The father did state one of his brothers was hospitalized for psychiatric reasons in Colorado several years ago, and didn’t know the circumstances.

Based on the above vignette for Case #1, list the principal diagnosis/diagnoses (including any and all appropriate subtypes and specifiers)

Nittany Company pays its sole shareholder, Tammy Lion, a salary of $109,800. At the end of each year, the company pays Tammy a "bonus" equal to the difference between the corporation’s taxable income for the year (before the bonus) and $68,500. In this way, the company hopes to keep its taxable income at amounts that are taxed at either 15 percent or 25 percent. This year, Nittany reported pre-bonus taxable income of $738,500 and paid Tammy a bonus of $670,000. On audit, the IRS determined that individuals working in Tammy’s position earned on average $335,000 per year. The company had no formal compensation policy and never paid a dividend. Refer Corporate tax table.

a. How much of Tammy’s bonus might the IRS recharacterize as a dividend?

b. Assuming the IRS recharacterizes $222,400 of Tammy’s bonus as a dividend, what additional income tax liability does Nittany Company face?