The following weights are for 16 Grizzly Bears in North America. They are:  

125, 114, 108, 135, 144, 124, 110, 152, 134, 117, 98, 116, 202, 225, 169, 160

1. Find the Mean, Median, Range and Population Standard Deviation to the nearest tenth.
2. Find the Z-Score of the female bear that weighs 134kg
3. Make a box and whisker plot.
4. Determine if there are any outliers in your plot. FIND IQR.
5. Determine the shape of the distribution.

Lacrosse is one of the oldest sports in North America. Despite its long history, it is a very dangerous contact sport comparable with football and ice hockey. Lacrosse involves inherent impact to participants and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) stated that head injuries account for approximately 13% of all game-related injuries in the sport. Head injuries and repetitive head impacts can cause cumulative damage and chronic neurologic problems. Helmets are required in the sport but around 2000, there were several versions of helmets allowed with no mention of which version would offer the greatest level of protection. Some of these helmet types were deemed ‘Traditional’ while some were newer, more lightweight and considered to be ‘Contemporary’. These helmets are designed to take impact from all directions but two specific impact sites are of particular interest: a head-on collision where impact is received from the ‘Front’ and a blind-side impact where impact is received from the ‘Rear’.

A researcher interested in head injury prevention and lacrosse helmet protection, attempted to study which version of helmet was best in different impact situations. In order to have a quantitative measure of impact severity, the Gadd Severity Index (GSI) was used by the researcher. Note that higher GSI scores correspond to more severe impacts and, consequently, lower GSI scores are preferable.

(2) Using the StatCrunch output stated bellow, state initial conclusions that could be made in two to four complete sentences.

the Data:

I) Two measures of center and two measures of variation for the sample overall

2 measures of center

Mean              Median                      

1154.1125        1110.47                 

2 measures of variation

Variance          Std. dev.

62462.103          249.92419

ii) Two measures of center and two measures  of variation for the sample ‘grouped by’ helmet type (i.e. contemporary and traditional).

data

2 measures of center

Mean              Median

Contemporary                     1070.0749            1065.26

Traditional                             1238.1501            1288.002

                                    2 measures of variation

Variance        Std. dev.

Contemporary                     25801.136        160.62732

Traditional                             86237.861        293.66283

iii) Two measures of center and two measures of variation for the sample ‘grouped by’ impact site (i.e. front and rear).

2 measures of center

Mean              Median

Back                                           1217.35            1115.797

Front                                          1090.875               1093.975

                                    2 measures of variation

Variance        Std. dev.

Back                                          73260.9            270.66751

Front                                          45061.863        212.2778

The percent of fat calories that a person in America consumes each day is normally distributed with a mean of about   40   and a standard deviation of   15 . Suppose that one individual is randomly chosen. Let   X=   percent of fat calories.

In each appropriate box you are to enter either a rational number in "p/q" format or a decimal value accurate to the nearest   0.01 .

1. (.25)   X∼    (pick one) NBUE   (    ,    ) .
   
2. 
   
3. (.25) The probability that a person consumes more than   40   percent fat is    .
   
4. 
   
5. (.25) What is the lowest quartile for percent of fat calorie consumption?    .
   
6. 
   
7. (.25) Write the probability statement for part (c):   P(X  (pick one) ><=   )=  .
   

Looking at moral reasoning in America, Carol Gilligan contends that the emphasis on autonomy and independence is based on a masculine ideal, whereas a focus on social relationships, empathy, and interconnectedness lies at the heart of the feminist perspective.

Please describe Gilligan’s case for gender bias in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. How does she justify her argument? How does her theory of moral reasoning relate to Erikson’s ideas about the relationship between autonomy and intimacy?

America Online (AOL) is a leader in the Internet access provider industry. In 1996, the company changed a controversial accounting method involving the treatment of the cost of advertising and free trials. The following is an excerpt from a May 15, 2000, CNET News.com article:

America Online will pay a civil penalty of $3.5 million as part of a settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission over the accounting of advertising costs. According to the SEC, the Internet and media giant improperly reported most of the costs of acquiring new subscribers – such as the expense of sending computer disks to potential customers – as an asset. As a result, the SEC said AOL posted a profit for six of eight quarters in 1995 and 1996 but would have recorded a loss if the company followed recommended accounting practices.

AOL, backed by its auditor, defended the accounting method of capitalizing these costs arguing that spreading the costs over two years was a justifiable way to match expenses against revenue flows that would emerge later. In 1996, AOL switched to expensing these costs in the period incurred.

Consider the general treatment of advertising and promotion costs.  

• Why are these costs normally expensed in the period incurred even though they are incurred with the intention of generating future revenues?  
• Why did they expense these costs over a two-year period?  
• Then discuss the possible reasons why AOL chose a different approach followed by a discussion of the possible reasons why the company decided to change its method. Also include the civil penalty of $3.5 million leveled by the SEC four years after AOL changed its method.  

• Is inequality necessary? Is it good?
  • Describe economic inequality in America.
    • Compared with other countries or with the United States in the past, how unequal is the distribution of income?
    • Who is rich and who is poor ? Are there demographic differences between rich and poor Americans?
  • Should we equalize income for all Americans? Explain the utilitarian and Rawlsian arguments for egalitarian social policies.
  • Should we equalize income for all Americans? Explain alternative arguments against egalitarian policies, such as natural rights arguments (John Locke and Robert Nozick) and utilitarian arguments (Arthur Okun).
  • Are egalitarian policies gendered? Do women benefit more from egalitarian policies that reduce disparities in income? Why?

Baseball has always been a favorite pastime in America and is rife with statistics and theories. In a paper, researchers showed that major league players who have nicknames live an average of 2½ years longer than those without them (The Wall Street Journal, July 16, 2009). You do not believe in this result and decide to collect data on the lifespan of 30 baseball players along with a nickname variable that equals 1 if the player had a nickname and 0 otherwise. The data are shown in the accompanying table and are contained in the accompanying Excel file. (You may find it useful to reference the appropriate table: z table or t table)

Click here for the Excel Data File

Let Samples 1 and 2 represent major-league players with and without nicknames, respectively.

a. Create two subsamples consisting of players with and without nicknames. Calculate the average longevity for each subsample. (Round your answers to 4 decimal places.)

b. Specify the hypotheses to contradict the claim made by researchers.

• H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ = 2.5; H_A: μ₁ − μ₂ ≠ 2.5

• H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ ≥ 2.5; H_A: μ₁ − μ₂ < 2.5

• H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ ≤ 2.5; H_A: μ₁ − μ₂ > 2.5

c-1. Calculate the value of the test statistic. Assume that the population variances are unknown but equal. (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)

c-2. Find the p-value.

• p-value ≤ 0.01

• 0.01 < p-value ≤ 0.02

• 0.02 < p-value ≤ 0.05

• 0.05 < p-value ≤ 0.10

• p-value > 0.10

d. What is the conclusion of the test using a 5% level of significance?

• Reject H₀; the sample data disproves the claim by the researchers.

• Reject H₀; the sample data does not disprove the claim by the researchers.

• Do not reject H₀; the sample data disproves the claim by the researchers.

• Do not reject H₀; the sample data does not disprove the claim by the researchers.

In North America and Europe, as countries developed from the late 19th to the late 20th century, social insurance (public pension) schemes, unemployment benefits, and publicly provided health care and welfare schemes became more pervasive. Over that period, the extended family was replaced by the nuclear family. Use the concepts of economies of scope and path dependency to explain why this happened and why the transformation took several generations.

1) Bank of America has a preferred stock dividend of $3.76. The stock is trading for $62.66. What is the expected return of the preferred stock?

2) A company had free cash flows of $370 million last year. Free cash flows are expected to grow at 2.4% per year. The WACC for the firm is 7.1%. They currently have $7.9 billion in debt outstanding, and have 189 million common stock outstanding. The company does not have any preferred stock. What is the estimate of the stock price based on the firm valuation model?

3) A company had free cash flows of $522 million last year. Free cash flows are expected to grow at 3.8% per year. The WACC for the firm is 8.9%. They currently have $6.9 billion in debt outstanding, and have 211 million common stock outstanding. The company has 75 million preferred stock outstanding, that currently trade at $36. What is the estimate of the stock price based on the firm valuation model?

The Salary Institute of America (SIOA) has gathered the following data on individuals working in the retail industry in Alabama.

a. Construct a 90% confidence interval to estimate the population mean salary for females with bachelors who work in the retail industry in Alabama. Interpret your interval.  

b. Suppose you would like to estimate the population proportiion of retail workers in Georgia who have a masters degree with 95% confidence and a margin of error of 3 percentage points. How large of a sample would you need?  Interpret your interval.