In an important 1992 paper, Card and Krueger used difference-in-differences to examine the effects of a New Jersey wage law on employment. They got data on fast-food employment in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which did not increase its minimum wage.

a) What is the treatment here? What are the treatment and control groups?

b) Card and Krueger focused on restaurants near the border between NJ and PA. Why?

c) Suppose that there are only two time periods. Pennsylvania had employment of 23.33 before and 21.17 after, and New Jersey had 20.44 before and 21.03 after. What is the ‘difference-in-differences’ number showing the effect of the minimum wage law on employment?

d) Now suppose you have data for more than two time periods. Write the regression equation.

e) Your teacher (and your conscience) say you should check trends in the outcome variable for treatment and control groups before the treatment happens. Why?

1. You are conducting an experiment to examine genetic variation and local adaptation in populations of Cypripedium montanum (Mountain Lady’s Slipper, Orchidaceae), which occur at high elevation in open woods in the Northwest US and Canada. You have two sites: one is in Oregon near Three Sisters and the other is in the North Cascades in Washington State.

1. How might you determine the extent of gene flow between your populations across latitude and whether one population has been through a bottleneck? Explain your answer.
   
2. How might you determine whether local adaptation has occurred, and what does this mean in terms of evolutionary ecology?
   
3. If you found that local adaptation occurred, nutrient availability might influence plant fitness, potentially causing this local adaption. Explain what types of nutrient availability are most likely to affect your plants and how you might test for nutrient limitation.

Christine, a newly appointed chief financial officer (CFO) at Winter Pty Ltd, is asked to evaluate and report on the company's present financial condition to the board of directors at an upcoming meeting. She discovers several instances where Paul, the chief executive officer (CEO), has made excessive risky business decisions, going against company policy resulting in the current liquidity problem facing the company.

Paul, Christine’s superior, is fearful of the board’s reactions to the adverse financial report, so he instructs Christine to modify the report to conceal the liquidity problem. Paul told Christine that the liquidity situation will ‘turn around in the near future’ and there is ‘no need to waste the board's time on the matter’. He makes it clear to Christine that if she refuses his request she will no longer have his support.

Describe Christine’s possible response using each of the six stages of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning and development

If you are given summary statistics for a sample and want to construct a confidence interval, this can be done through the Probability Calculator in Geogebra. Open it and click the “Statistics” tab just above the graph. For a confidence interval for a population mean, with unknown σ, click the drop-down menu near the top (default is “Z Test of a Mean”) and choose “T Estimate of a Mean.” Enter the confidence level (in decimal form), sample mean, sample standard deviation, and sample size. We’ll use a sample with x¯=65.17, s=3.654, n=26. Based on this sample data, a 95% confidence interval for the population mean is: equation editorEquation Editor <μ< equation editorEquation Editor . The margin of error for this 95% confidence interval is equation editorEquation Editor . Based on this sample data, a 99% confidence interval for the population mean is: equation editorEquation Editor <μ< equation editorEquation Editor . The margin of error for this 99% confidence interval is

The Cambridge Study of delinquent development was undertaken in N. London to investigate the links between criminal behavior in young men and socioeconomic factors of the upbringing. A cohort of 395 boys was followed for about 20 years starting at the age of 8 or 9. All boys attended 6 schools located near the research office.

The table below provides the following summary statistics relating family income and convictions.

Income level

• Can we consider the cohort of these boys to be a random sample of a certain portion of the male youth of UK?
• What is the necessary assumption that needs to be made about the income group assignment of these boys for the duration of the study?
• Identify the random variables of the data set. What is the type of these variables?
• Construct the appropriate plot of these data.
• Do the two random variables seem to have an association? Which one can be used as explanatory?  

Applications of Evolution to Real Life

Cheetahs are currently listed on the endangered species list, and by some estimates, there are less than 100 animals left in the wild. Perhaps the greatest problem with preserving the cheetah species is that these animals are now almost genetically identical to one another (due to the bottleneck effect).

A) What are the problems associated with having such low genetic diversity?

B) Because of this problem, many biologists think that cheetahs are doomed to go extinct in the near future. Do you agree, why or why not?

C) If you think cheetahs can be saved, what conservation efforts will be necessary to save them?

D) Is there any way to increase genetic diversity in a local cheetah population? (For example, consider just the population of captive cheetahs in North American zoos.) How about in the global cheetah population?

Phylogenetics

What do phylogenetic trees tell us? What does the field of phylogenetics set out to learn?

Airnova Inc. has two types of bonds, Bond D and Bond F. Both have 8 percent coupons, make semiannual payments, and are priced at par value. Bond D has 2 years to maturity. Bond F has 15 years to maturity.

Airnova Inc. is considering four different types of stocks. They each have a required return of 20 percent and a dividend of $3.75 for share. Stocks, A, B, and C are expected to maintain constant growth rates in dividends for the near future of 10 percent, 0 percent, and -5 percent, respectively. Stock D is a growth stock and will increase its dividend by 30 percent for the next four years and then maintain a constant 12 percent growth rate after that.

• What is the dividend yield for each of the four stocks?

• What is the expected capital gains yield?

• Discuss the relationship among the various returns that you find for each of the stocks.

5. Larry's Heart rate is 120bpm, left ventricular end-diastolic volume is 113mL and left ventricular end-systolic volume is 9mL. What is Larry's Cardiac Output in L/min?      

            a. 12.48 L/min

            b. 11.08L/min

            c. 1359mL/min

            d. 9.00L/min

3. Which receptors are responsible for short term regulation of MAP?

            a. Carotid Sinus Receptors Only

            b. Aortic Arch Receptors Only

            c. Central Chemorecptors Only

            d. A&B

            e. A&C

            f. B&C

2. Gases bind to which portion of hemoglobin?

            a. Heme iron containing portion

            b. Globin Portion

            c. Gases don’t bind to Hemoglobin

            d. They don’t bind to a specific portion

1. AV node is located at the base of the right atrium near the septum and can takeover duties of the SA node if damaged

            a. True

            b. False

One of the most successful attacks against wireless networks (WLAN) is the Evil Twin attack. The goal is to introduce an attacker-controlled wireless access point near the “known good” WLAN network. This access point will advertise the exact same SSID as the authorized WLAN. Wireless users may accidently connect to this malicious access point thinking it is part of their authorized network. Once the connection is established, the attacker can initiate a man-in-the-middle attack and capture or relay traffic while eavesdropping on the entire communication.

Explain the potential risk an Evil Twin attack like this this would present, not in theory, but to your own organization (company, school, etc.) and how you would go about setting up an Evil Twin attack if you were an attacker. Detail the goals, tools, process, and methodology. Use whatever research will assist you. Provide screenshots if possible to demonstrate what you are doing. They can be third party

Matthew owns a piece of land with a toy factory on it in a small town near Melbourne city. The factory is a family business that started a century ago and is currently used to produce handmade wooden toys. However, for market participants, they would redevelop the land to build a retail shopping centre. Matthew recently received an attractive offer from property redevelopers, but he rejected the offer because he has no intention to stop the family business.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fair value of land?

Group of answer choices

The fair value of the land cannot be determined because we do not know the highest and best use of the asset.

The fair value of the land should be based on its current use as Matthew has no intention to sell the land and stop the family business.

The fair value of the land should be based on stand-alone valuation premise.

The fair value of the land should be based on in-combination valuation premise.