Demonstrate BY DRAWING the Nephon  

1. Be sure to draw the following:
   1. Glomerulus
   2. PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, Collecting Duct
2. Using arrows, demonstrate filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in your drawing
3. 3. Using arrows show, the active / passive transport of Na, Cl, water, Amino acids, glucose, K, NH₄, Urea, and HCO₃

_{ALSO PLEASE ***Please don't copy and paste a picture from the internet***}

Let ∬[a,b]×[c,d]f(x,y)dA denote the integral of f(x,y)over the region with a≤x≤b and c≤y≤d. Find ∬[0,1]×[0,1]f(x,y)dA given the following: ∬[0,1]×[1,5]f(x,y)dA=2, ∬[1,2]×[0,1]f(x,y)dA=−1, ∬[1,2]×[1,5]f(x,y)dA=4, and ∬[0,2]×[0,5]f(x,y)dA=3.

Group of answer choices

2

-2

8

0

None of the above.

2. (3pts) You are studying a single-pass transmembrane protein which is destined to the plasma membrane. The protein has a lysine amino acid which flanks the N-terminal side of the transmembrane domain and a glutamic acid amino acid which flanks the C-terminal side of the transmembrane domain. Both the N-terminus and the Cterminus of the protein carries amino acid sequences that can by glycosylated.

A) (0.5pt) When the protein reaches the plasma membrane, will the N-terminus or the C-terminus point to the extracellular side?

B) (0.5pt) When the protein reaches the plasma membrane, will the N-terminus or the C-terminus be glycosylated?

C) (0.5pt) In a mutant protein, the flanking “K” and “E” amino acids are switched with each other. After the protein is transported to the plasma membrane, will the Nterminus or the C-terminus point to the cytosolic side?

D) (0.5pt) When the protein is glycosylated in the ER, will the glycosylation occur in the lumen side or cytosolic side of the protein?

E) (1pt) How does glycosylation contribute to proper protein folding and quality control in the ER? (5 sentence max)

. A double-stranded DNA molecule with the sequence shown here produces, in vivo, a polypeptide that is five amino acids long. TAC ATG ATC ATT TCA CGG AAT TTC TAG CAT GTA ATG TAC TAG TAA AGT GCC TTA AAG ATC GTA CAT a. Which strand of DNA is transcribed and in which direction? Support your response by indicating the 5 amino acid sequence that results when this transcript is translated. (2 pts) b. Label the 5’ and the 3’ ends of each strand in the original DNA molecule. (1 pt) c. If an inversion occurs between the second and third triplets, from the left and right ends, respectively, and the same strand of DNA is transcribed, how long will the resultant polypeptide be and what is its sequence? (Hint: rewrite the DNA molecule AFTER the inversion.) (3 pts) d. Assume that the original molecule is intact and that the bottom strand is transcribed from left to right. Give the base sequence, and label the 5’ and 3’ ends of the anticodon that inserts the fourth amino acid into the nascent polypeptide. What is this amino acid?

In gluconeogenesis, the pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate is one of the bypass steps that is different from the reverse reaction in glycolysis due to the irreversible nature of pyruvate kinase. There are two pathways for this bypass reaction that differ in the location where the final PEP product is synthesized – either in the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm. Assume that your cell is undergoing gluconeogenesis using pyruvate derived from the deamination of serine by the enzyme serine dehydratase:
L-serine → Pyruvate + NH3
Which of the two pathways of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis will be used and why? What are the intermediate steps for this reaction, and where do they occur?

Part A - Overview of Macromolecule Classes

Organic compounds are large polymers containing carbon. All cellular and tissue-based structures of the human body can be linked to at least one of these groups.
Sort the descriptions into the bins of macromolecule classes.

Monosaccharide is
the monomerConcentrated energy
made up of hydrocarbon
chains or ringsNot soluble in waterStructural and biological
catalyst macromolecules of
amino acids with various functionsATP is a modified versionMake up the majority of
cell membrane structureHas several different
levels of foldingGenetic information comprising
a sugar-phosphate backbone and
complementary base pairingCommonly used source of
energy with the ratio
1 carbon-2 hydrogen-1 oxygen

Carbohydrates   Lipids  Proteins   Nucleic acids

Part D - Lipid Overview
Like carbohydrates, all lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but in lipids, carbon and hydrogen atoms far outnumber oxygen atoms. The most abundant lipids in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Drag and drop each item to all bins that apply.

Charged "head" region with an uncharged "tail" regionFats that contain phosphate groupsBilayer forms selectively permeable cell membraneThree fatty acids attached to one glycerol moleculeAt least one fatty acid chain, typically saturated with hydrogensFats that are the basis for some hormonesMost physiologically important example is cholesterol

Triglycerides  Phospholipids  Steroids

Part F - Nucleic Acid Overview
Nucleic acids carry genetic information, which provides the basic blueprint of life. These are some of the largest macromolecules in the body, and they are composed of nucleotides.
Drag and drop each term to the appropriate statement. Not all terms will be used.
View Available Hint(s)

DNA
Instructions to make protein
Ribose
Cytosine
Deoxyribose
RNA
Thymine
Uracil
1. Guanine always pairs with ___
2. Besides replicating before cell division, the other fundamental role of DNA is ___
3. In DNA, adenine pairs with ___ but in RNA, adenine pairs with ___
4. ATP is a modified nucleotide used for cellular energy that contains the sugar___
5. The sugar in DNA is ___ while the sugar in RNA is ___

42. Which of the following is not a normal property of the eukaryotic mRNAs?
A. Most have a significant untranslated region that doesn't direct assembly of amino acids
B. They are processed from pre mRNAS to mRNAs in the nucleus and are exported through the nuclear pore complex
C. All of the answers are true
D. They are found in the cytoplasm
E. They are often being translated by more than one ribosome at a time in a structure known as polyribosome or polysome

You have accidentally mixed a bunch of amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, alanine, selenocysteine, proline, arginine) together and once your boss finds out, you will be fired on the spot. Your only hope of saving your job is to separate them before anyone finds out. You decide that the only viable option is to use ion exchange chromatography. Explain, in detail, how you would do this?

Using a cation exchange resin, a mixture of four amino acids, Asp (pKa 3.9), Arg (pKa 12.5), Ser (pKa 13) and Lys(pKa 10.5) are separated using an elution gradient of increasing NaCl solution. What would be the correct elution sequence? Explain your reasoning. Draw the chromatogram would look like for this mixture if there was twice as much Asp and Arg in the sample than Ser and Lys.