List the following elements in order of highest electronegativity to lowest: silicon, sulphur, argon, chlorine.

Answer the following questions about water: (10 marks total)

In a single molecule of water (H₂O), what kind(s) of bonds(s) are present?

Explain how these bonds contribute to the high surface tension of water.

Explain why water has a high specific heat and explain why this is important to life.

A baking soda solution has a pH of 8. (5 marks total)

Is it acidic, basic, or neutral? Why?

Is it an acid, a base, or neither? Why?

What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in baking soda? (1 mark)

Compare and contrast the following: (4 marks each, total 16 marks)

Starch and glycogen

Phosphodiester bonds and peptide bonds

Chemical energy and heat

Hypothesis and null hypothesis

For the theory of evolution identify the pattern component and the process component.

Read the section in your textbook Canadian Research 1.1: Artificial Selection on Bighorn Sheep in Alberta. Using specific examples from this study, outline the steps of the scientific method. (Note that the reading may not include all the steps. For any “missing” steps, include what would have been the case.)

Answer the following questions about enzymes: (15 marks total)

Briefly describe how enzymes catalyze reactions

List 4 factors that affect enzyme activity. For each factor explain how the factor works to alter reaction rate.

The tertiary structure of proteins involves interactions with the amino acid side chains (the R groups). List the types of interactions and explain the role of the functional groups involved .

Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.

Explain why the components of phospholipids contribute to the formation of lipid bilayers.

Explain why carbohydrates have high free energy.

Discussion

Based on what you have learned so far, consider one of the following questions. Post your ideas to the Discussions area first, and then read and respond to other students’ postings. The Discussions area is in the left-hand navigation menu of this course.

Self-Replicating Molecules

Your textbook states that the ability of molecules to self-replicate is an indicator that these molecules are “living entities”. Should self-replication be the only indicator of life? Why or why not?

Origins of Life

Up to date RNA has been the only molecule directly associated with the origin of life and early evolution of life on Earth.

In your own words explain how researchers came to this conclusion. Do you find their arguments convincing? Why or why not? Prior to answering this question, make sure you read Chapter 4, Section 4.4, The First-Life Form.

Minnesota had the highest turnout rate of any state for the 2012 presidential election.† Political analysts wonder if turnout in rural Minnesota was higher than turnout in the urban areas of the state. A sample shows that 663 of 884 registered voters from rural Minnesota voted in the 2012 presidential election, while 396 out of 550 registered voters from urban Minnesota voted.

(a) Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses that can be used to test whether registered voters in rural Minnesota were more likely than registered voters in urban Minnesota to vote in the 2012 presidential election. (Let p₁ = the population proportion of voters in rural Minnesota who voted in the 2012 election and p₂ = the populationproportion of voters in urban Minnesota who voted in the 2012 election.)

H₀: p₁ − p₂ < 0

H_a: p₁ − p₂ = 0

H₀: p₁ − p₂ ≠ 0

H_a: p₁ − p₂ = 0

H₀: p₁ − p₂ = 0

H_a: p₁ − p₂ ≠ 0

H₀: p₁ − p₂ ≤ 0

H_a: p₁ − p₂ > 0

H₀: p₁ − p₂ ≥ 0

H_a: p₁ − p₂ < 0

(b) What is the proportion of sampled registered voters in rural Minnesota that voted in the 2012 presidential election?

(c) What is the proportion of sampled registered voters in urban Minnesota that voted in the 2012 presidential election?

(d) At α = 0.05, test the political analysts' hypothesis.

Calculate the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

What is the p-value? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)

p-value =

Based on intermolecular forces, predict the ordering from LOWEST boiling point to HIGHEST boiling point.

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.         

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.         

Ne

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.         

CH₃COCH₃

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.         

CH₄

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.         

CH₃CH₂CH₃

1. List the following substances in the order from lowest to highest surface tension:
water (H₂O)
acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
ethyl alcohol (C₂H₆O)

2. Why did you put them in this order?

3. What is the definition of viscosity?
How would a decrease in temperature change the viscosity of a substance?
How would a increase in temperature change the viscosity of a substance?
List the following substances from least viscosity to most viscosity: honey, motor oil, water

A national newspaper’s headline reads “Business Confidence Reaches Highest Level in 5 Years.”

(a) Draw a correctly labeled graph of the loanable funds market, and show the effect of high business confidence on the equilibrium real interest rate.

(b) Assume the government increases its spending on capital projects and infrastructure. Would financing the increased government spending by borrowing result in a higher, a lower, or the same equilibrium real interest rate? Explain.

(c) How will the increase in government spending financed by borrowing affect national savings?

(d) If the expected inflation rate decreases to zero, will the nominal interest rate be greater than, less than, or equal to the real interest rate? Explain.

Sort the pH of the following mixtures from LOWEST (most acidic) to HIGHEST (most basic):

(I) 0.001 mol of HCl added to 1 L water

(II) 0.001 mol HCl added to a buffer solution of 0.1 M HCOOH and 0.1 M NaHCOO (pKa=3.75)

(III) 0.001 mol HCl added to a buffer solution of 0.1 M NH4Cl and NH3 (pKa=9.25)

In the following set of elements, rank them from LOWEST first ionization energy to HIGHEST first ionization energy.

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.         

He

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.         

Ar

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.         

Mg

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.         

Al

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.         

P

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.         

Cl

1.

The typical total product curve

Question 13 options:

Anytime a firm faces a situation where MR < MC, the firm should

Question 15 options:

Jamal operates in the perfectly competitive paper toothpick industry, where the market price is $2 per unit. At Jamal’s profit maximizing output level of 10 units, he faces an average total cost of $4 and an average variable cost of $1. Which of the following is true?

Question 19 options:

If the marginal product of labor decreases as employment increases,

Question 22 options:

If a firm is experiencing increasing marginal returns to its only variable input, then

Question 30 options:

1. Which of these aqueous solutions has the highest boiling point? [Kb= 0.512]

(a) 1.25 M C6H12O6 (b) 1.25 M KNO3 (c) 1.25 M Ca(NO3)2 (d) they all have the same boiling point

2. Which of these aqueous solutions has the highest boiling point? [Kb= 0.512]

(a) 1.25 M C6H12O6 (b) 1.25 M KNO3 (c) 1.25 M Ca(NO3)2 (d) they all have the same boiling point

3. A solution contains a mixture of substance A and substance B, both of which are volatile. The mole fraction of substance A is 0.35. At 32°C the vapor pressure of pure A is 87 mm Hg and the vapor pressure of pure B is 122 mmHg. What is the total vapor pressure of the solution at this temperature?
(a) 110 mmHg (b) 209 mmHg (c) 99.3 mmHg (d) 73.2 mmHg

4. To equalize the pressure

(a) solvent moves from a low concentration to a higher concentration

(b) solvent moves from a high concentration to a lower concentration

(c) solute moves from a low concentration to a higher concentration

(d) solute moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

5. What is the molality of a solution produced by dissolving 14.40 g of LiCl (42.39 g/n) in water to make 0.104 L of solution with a density of 1.102 g/mL?
(a) 0.340m (b)3.39m (c)3.27m (d)3.74m (e)2.96m

6. A 0.86% by mass solution of NaCl is called “physiological saline” because its osmotic pressure is equal to that of the solution in blood cells. Calculate the osmotic pressure of this solution at normal body temperature (37°C). Note that the density of “physiological saline” solution is 1.005 g/mL.
[R = 0.0821 L.atm/n.K; MM of NaCl = 58.45]

7. Determine the vapor pressure of an aqueous ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) solution that is 17.2% C2H6O2 by mass. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25°C is 23.8 torr.