The U.S. Geological Survey compiled historical data about Old Faithful Geyser (Yellowstone National Park) from 1870 to 1987. Let x₁ be a random variable that represents the time interval (in minutes) between Old Faithful eruptions for the years 1948 to 1952. Based on 9280 observations, the sample mean interval was x₁ = 62.0 minutes. Let x₂ be a random variable that represents the time interval in minutes between Old Faithful eruptions for the years 1983 to 1987. Based on 24,170 observations, the sample mean time interval was x₂ = 69.6 minutes. Historical data suggest that σ₁ = 8.35 minutes and σ₂ = 12.76 minutes. Let μ₁ be the population mean of x₁ and let μ₂ be the population mean of x₂.

(a) Compute a 99% confidence interval for μ₁ – μ₂. (Use 2 decimal places.)

(b) Comment on the meaning of the confidence interval in the context of this problem. Does the interval consist of positive numbers only? negative numbers only? a mix of positive and negative numbers? Does it appear (at the 99% confidence level) that a change in the interval length between eruptions has occurred? Many geologic experts believe that the distribution of eruption times of Old Faithful changed after the major earthquake that occurred in 1959.

Because the interval contains only positive numbers, we can say that the interval length between eruptions has gotten shorter.Because the interval contains both positive and negative numbers, we can not say that the interval length between eruptions has gotten longer.    We can not make any conclusions using this confidence interval.Because the interval contains only negative numbers, we can say that the interval length between eruptions has gotten longer.

Exercise 4

On January 1, 2017, Park Rapids Lumber Company issued $80 million in 20-year, 10% bonds payable. Interest is payable semiannually on June 30th and December 31st. Bond discounts and premiums are amortized straight-line at each interest payment date.

a. Record the journal entry when the bonds were issued on January 1, 2017, make the necessary the journal entry to record the payment of bond interest on June 30, 2017, under each of the following assumptions:

1. The bonds were issued at 98. Round your answers to the nearest dollar.

2. The bonds were issued at 101. Round your answers to the nearest dollar.

b. Compute the net bond liability at December 31, 2017, under assumptions 1 and 2 above. Round to the nearest dollar.

c. Under which of the above assumptions, 1 or 2 would the investor’s effective rate of interest be higher? Explain.

Exercise 5

Speed World Cycles sells high-performance motorcycles and Motocross racers. One of Speed World’s most popular models is the Kazomma 900 dirt bike. During the current year, Speed World purchased eight of these cycles at the following costs:

Purchase Date                               Units Purchased      Unit Cost   Total Cost

July 1                                                                 2                  $4,950          $9,900

July 22                                                              3                    5,000           15,000

August 3                                                  3                        5,100           15,300

                                                                  ------                         ------------

                                                                      8                                             $40,200

On July 28, Speed World sold four Kazomma 900 dirt bikes to the Vince Wilson racing team. The remaining four bikes remained in inventory at September 30, the end of Speed World’s fiscal year.

Assume that Speed World uses a perpetual inventory system.

a. Compute the cost of goods sold relating to the sale on July 28 and the ending inventory of Kazomma 900 dirt bikes at September 30, using the following cost flow assumptions:

1. Average cost

2. FIFO

3. LIFO

Show the number of units and the unit costs of each layer comprising the cost of goods sold and ending inventory.

b. Using the cost figures computed in part a. answer the following questions:

1. Which of the three cost flow assumptions will result in Speed World Cycles reporting the highest net income for the current year? Would this always be the case? Explain.

2. Which of the three cost flow assumptions will minimize the income taxes owed by Speed World Cycles for the year? Would you expect this usually to be the case? Explain.

3. May Speed World Cycles use the cost flow assumption that results in the highest net income for the current year in its financial statements, but use the cost flow assumption that minimizes taxable income for the current year in its income tax return? Explain.

The U.S. Geological Survey compiled historical data about Old Faithful Geyser (Yellowstone National Park) from 1870 to 1987. Let x₁ be a random variable that represents the time interval (in minutes) between Old Faithful eruptions for the years 1948 to 1952. Based on 9580 observations, the sample mean interval was x₁ = 61.8 minutes. Let x₂ be a random variable that represents the time interval in minutes between Old Faithful eruptions for the years 1983 to 1987. Based on 23,000 observations, the sample mean time interval was x₂ = 69.2 minutes. Historical data suggest that σ₁ = 8.49 minutes and σ₂ = 11.78 minutes. Let μ₁ be the population mean of x₁ and let μ₂ be the population mean of x₂.(a) Compute a 99% confidence interval for μ₁ – μ₂. (Use 2 decimal places.)

(b) Comment on the meaning of the confidence interval in the context of this problem. Does the interval consist of positive numbers only? negative numbers only? a mix of positive and negative numbers? Does it appear (at the 99% confidence level) that a change in the interval length between eruptions has occurred? Many geologic experts believe that the distribution of eruption times of Old Faithful changed after the major earthquake that occurred in 1959.

Because the interval contains only positive numbers, we can say that the interval length between eruptions has gotten shorter.Because the interval contains both positive and negative numbers, we can not say that the interval length between eruptions has gotten longer.     We can not make any conclusions using this confidence interval.Because the interval contains only negative numbers, we can say that the interval length between eruptions has gotten longer.

Organism 3

Field Notes: Specimen collected from shaded area along stream in South Cumberland State Park (Grundy County, TN)
Laboratory Analysis:
Body: Large leaves emerging from underground rhizome
Size: 63cm

Chromosomal Analysis: Plant body is diploid --chromosomes number of 44

Lignin test: Positive

Cuticle: Present

Leaves: Present -- large with branched veins. Underside has sori(containing haploid spores)
Roots: Present-----branch from the inside
Stem:Present--- vascular tissue(xylem and phloem)present



Life History: Diploid sporophyte dominant generation. Haploid spores germinate into heart-shaped, haploid, gametophyte. Water required for fertilization due to flagellated sperm; no seed is produced. Diploid zygote develops into sporophyte of life ---each bearing ether megasporangia or microsporangia but not both. Insects, especially beetles, appear important in pollination   

Question: Explain which domain, kingdom and phylum you believe this plant should be classified in.

Communication: The local media features the work of your team on their nightly news. During a live interview the reporter asks you " Apparently this plant requires water for fertilization, can you explain, can you explain why"?

Response: ------------------------

1. What is the molar concentration of sucrose in a can of Red Bull (27 g sucrose/250 mL)?

2. How much glycine is needed to make 125 mL of a 1.5 M stock solution?

3. What volume of ethylene glycol is needed to prepare 200 mL of a 0.25 M stock solution?

4. Using the above stock solutions from questions #2 and #3, how would you prepare 750 mL of a solution that is 10 mM in glycine and 25 mM in ethylene glycol?

5. You are given a stock solution of 50 mM of alkaline phosphatase. What volume of this solution would you need to add to what volume of distilled water to make 25 mL of a 5 mM solution?

6. You are given a 50X stock solution of DNA gel running buffer and asked to make 25 mL of the corresponding 1X solution. What volumes of the stock solution and water do you need?

7. You are given a 0.5 M solution of sodium citrate. How would you make 3 mL of a 20-fold dilution?

8. Consider an assay that involves a serial dilution as listed below. What is the total dilution factor for this assay?

--0.5 mL of trypsin is pipetted into 1.0 mL of buffer.

--0.035 mL of this sample is then pipetted into 1.0 mL of the assay solution.

9. You are given 1.0 mL of the enzyme amylase and add cold 95% ethanol to reach a final concentration of 25% ethanol. What volume of the 95% ethanol did you need to add to the enzyme solution to obtain this concentration?
(*note: this one is a little tricky—you will need to account for the starting volume of the enzyme solution.)

10. Do the following conversions. (Show all work)

a. 0.5 mg/mL to μg/uL
b. 0.2g to ug
c. 0.4 μM to mmol/mL

Create a schema file that captures the requirements for a <student> element>

Here are the specifications for student:

3.1. A student must have a first name and last name.

3.2. A student may have a middle name, but it’s optional.

3.3. A student may have a home address, a work address, or both.

            3.3.1. Use a complex type to connect to a single schema definition for “address”

3.4. An address has: a street address, city, state, and zip code. Include the following limits:

3.4.1. Street address may have one or two entries

3.4.2. State must be two letters

3.4.3. Zipcode must be 5 or 9 digits
Online searches can help with regular expressions for this one!

Sample files:

Instructions:

Submit to this page (from Part I) with your answers and the C++ program from Part II to the Blackboard.

Type all answers in this page in RED. Part I Pointers to variables or places in RAM (Random Access Memory) are memory addresses – the address of the byte of memory to which the pointer is referring (or “referencing”).

Some programming languages use pointers to increase efficiency, to make changes to variables indirectly, etc.

In C++, if Z is an integer variable, then &Z is the memory address of that variable.

For example if we have: int Z = 100; cout << &Z << endl; The output may look like 0x38ff64. “38ff64” would be the byte address in hexadecimal form.

Hexadecimal is just a base 16 integer with 16 digits: 0 through 9 and ‘a’ through ‘f’ all to represent 0 through 15.

Pointer variables in C++ are variables that hold memory addresses.

Example int X = 1000; //line 1 int A = 200; //line 2 int B = 300; //line 3 int C = 100; //line 4 int *p = &B; //line 5 p is a pointer variable cout << p << endl; //line 6 p++; //line 7 cout << p << endl; //line 8 This means that p is a pointer originally initialized to hold the memory address of B.

(10 points)

1. What compiler are you using? Circle one DEV C++, Visual, XCODE, some other (10 points)

2. Place these eight lines of code into a new program. What is your output? _______________ (10 points)

3. By how much did p change from the first to the second output? lines 6 and 8: ________________ (NOTE: In Hexadecimal 0 is the first digit and f is the last; so, f – 3 is d and f+3 is 2.) (10 points)

4. Is p now the memory address of A or B or C? (which one or none) _____________________ [2]

Let’s try accessing a memory location indirectly – by pointers.

Consider the following code: int *q; q = new int; q will now point to a piece of memory with no actual name. The location of that memory location is in the value of q.

That memory can be manipulated by “dereferencing” q like the following: *q = -200; That line of code assigned -200 to the piece of memory that has its address stored in q.

That piece of memory can be changed like (*q)++ will increment the value by one. (10 points)

5. What is the new value of *q? _____________________ This means, if I have the following code, there will be some changes to A. int A = 650; int * p = &A; *p = *p – 200; cout << *p << endl; (10 points)

6. What is the value of variable A + *p? _________________ Pointers and structs are very important in C++ and many other languages. The following example defines a data type “PAIR” containing a double field called D and an int field called I. struct PAIR { double D; int I; }; PAIR two; //two is just a variable of type PAIR PAIR * pairptr = &two; Variable two is of type PAIR. pairptr is a pointer to that variable. *pairptr refers to the entire variable two. (*pairptr).D refers only to the double field D. So, you could assign a value to D by either two.D = 100.11 or (*pairptr).D = 100.11. Often in programming the pointer is only pointing to a memory location without a variable name. So the dereferencing (*pairptr).D = 100.11; would have to be used. This is a bit clumsy in C++; so, the language uses an arrow notation like “pairptr -> D = 100.11;” (10 points) 7. How can you assign the “int I” field to -5555 in two different ways? a._____________________ b._____________________ [3] Part II – (30 points) Design a program to calculate the cost of gas for a trip. The user will be prompted for the cost of a gallon of gas, the number of miles of the trip, and the number of miles per gallon the car gets. The program should use pointers, the address operator, and the dereferencing operator for ALL input, calculations, and output. Enter, compile, link, and execute Lab7GasTripFirstInitialLastName.cpp The following is a sample output that might appear after running your program. Input by the user is shown in bold. This program calculates the cost of gas for a trip when the user enters the cost of gas, the number of miles, and the number of miles per gallon the vehicle gets. Enter the number of miles in your trip: 890 Enter the mpg your car gets: 23 Enter the cost of gasoline: 1.79

Your trip will cost $68.02

Hint: the trip cost = cost of gasoline * (number of miles / mpg your car gets)

Saint Mary’s University jointly runs a dual degree program with the Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai. In order to do so, Saint Mary’s provides faculty to instruct in China. For the spring session scheduled to run from April 22^nd to May 31^st, 2019 Saint Mary’s had an individual prepared to instruct this course. This person entered into a contract with SMU which stated in part that the individual would instruct in China during the entirety of the spring session, but said nothing about cancellation by either party. At some point on or about late February, this individual advised Saint Mary’s that they would not be able to come to Zhuhai. Assume for the purposes of this assignment that the individual had been diagnosed with cancer, and was unable to travel.

In or about early March Professor Scott had been offered and had accepted a position as the new instructor by Saint Mary’s. A contract was entered into that included, among other things, clear instructions that he would need to secure the appropriate Visa that would allow him to travel to Zhuhai. As time was tight (in legal terms we say that time was of the essence) Scott was encouraged to go ahead and book flights and make the necessary arrangements in order to be in China to start classes on April 22.

In Canada, the Chinese embassy is responsible for issuing appropriate Visas for travel to China. In order to facilitate the processing of applications, the embassy utilizes an independent company known as the Chinese Visa Processing Centre Limited…this company is a separate entity from the government and operates at arm’s length from the embassy. Applications are filled out online, and when complete, the applicant must print the application form and attend in person at the offices of the Chinese Visa Processing Centre where they pay a fee and also provide biometric scans that enable the embassy to conduct their work. The Chinese Visa Processing Centre essentially pre screens visa applications to ensure conformity with the established decision parameters. If there are readily apparent issues, for example an expired passport or things of an administrative nature, then the Chinese Visa Processing Centre will hold an application pending the correction of the issue by the applicant. The Processing Centre also states that applicants who cannot pick up their passport in person must provide a prepaid pre-addressed return envelope so that the passport containing the Visa can be returned to the applicant.

Scott prepared the online application form as advised. Given the type of Visa required, Scott needed a letter, known as the Foreign Expert Invitation Letter issued by the provincial government in Guangdong, China. Although this letter was not mentioned in the contract, Saint Mary’s represented verbally that they would secure the letter for Scott. Saint Mary’s did, in fact secure the letter, which was advanced to Scott via email on March 19. Having completed the application, and with the letter in hand, Scott flew to Ottawa to deliver the visa application.

Before that however, Scott had booked flights from Halifax to Zhuhai that would have him arrive in China on April 19 in time to begin classes on the 22^nd. Scott was instructed to secure cancellation insurance on all flights. Scott did, in fact, pay for and receive a policy of insurance that clearly stated that it would cover the cost of flights cancelled due to medical emergencies or death, including medical emergencies or death to immediate family members of the insured party.

While sitting in the departure lounge awaiting his return flight to Halifax, having attended at the Visa Processing Centre as required Scott received a telephone call from the Chinese Visa Processing Centre and was told that the embassy has already had a look at the Foreign Expert Invitation Letter. Scott was advised that the letter would not suffice because it lacked certain information, and also because it needed to be issued by the appropriate government authorities in the Guangdong Province. The letter had actually been issued by the University, in accordance with past practice This issue had not been raised for previous applications.

As a result of this problem, it became impossible to travel as planned and Scott advised his travel agent that the flights would need to be cancelled or changed. Further, Scott and officials at Saint Mary’s decided that he should not rebook any travel until it was absolutely certain that the new letter could be obtained.

On April 19, Scott received a different Foreign Expert Invitation Letter and forwarded it to the Chinese Visa Processing Centre. They acknowledged receipt on April 22 and indicated that he should receive confirmation that the Visa had been processed by April 26.

With this new knowledge, Saint Mary’s and Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai amended the start date of the course to May 6.

On April 26, Scott received word that his Visa had been processed and his passport had been placed in the provided pre-paid, pre-addressed envelope and put in the mail. The expected delivery date was April 29. Unfortunately, on April 29 it was discovered that the passport had been delivered to any entirely different address, not in Halifax Nova Scotia, but in Mississauga Ontario, 2000 kilometres away. The address label on the envelope that had been purchased from Canada Post had been tampered with before it was sold. When it was placed in the postal system by the Chinese Visa Processing Centre, it had two different addresses, and Canada Post picked one but they picked the wrong one. When contacted by Scott, Canada Post officials advised that once the envelope had been placed in the mailbox of the receiver, it became the receiver’s property, and Canada Post could not recover it because this would constitute theft. They took no responsibility for the envelope, saying it was the buyer’s problem.

Fortunately the passport was located. The individual that had the passport said that he would return it if Scott came to get it at his home. When Scott travelled to the home, the gentleman said he would only return it if Scott paid a significant reward. At first Scott declined, but the gentleman indicated that he would call the police and state that Scott was trespassing on his property. Scott felt he had no choice, and so he complied and made the payment.

When Scott returned to his hotel with the passport, the rain started to fall heavily. The stone walkway at the front of the hotel was quite slippery, and unfortunately Scott fell and injured his shoulder. Hotel staff would take no responsibility for the injury, stating Scott should have been more careful as it was raining. A sign on the wall of the hotel indicated that the paving stones could become slippery when wet, and patrons of the hotel were cautioned that the hotel accepted no responsibility for injuries. Unfortunately, the hotel concierge had left a luggage cart in front of the sign such that it was not visible.

1. IDENTIFY ALL THE POTENTIAL LEGAL ISSUES WITH REFERENCE TO THE MATERIALS COVERED IN THE COURSE. YOU MAY PREPARE YOUR ANSWER IN POINT FORM. NOTE ALSO THAT YOU ARE ASKED ONLY TO IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL LEGAL ISSUES, SO A COMPLETE ANALYSIS IS NOT REQUIRED. (50 points)

2. ASSUME YOU ARE A LAWYER RETAINED BY SAINT MARY’S. ADVISE SAINT MARY’S OF ALL OF THEIR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IF SCOTT HAD NOT BEEN ABLE TO SECURE THE VISA. (10 points)

3. IDENTIFY, WITH REFERENCE TO RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, AREAS WHERE RISK WAS ENCOUNTERED AND HOW THE PARTIES DEALT WITH THE RISK. SPECIFY THE PARTICULAR RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY. (35 points)

4. WOULD IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE TO YOUR ANALYSIS IF SCOTT WAS PAID OR IF HE WAS A VOLUNTEER? WHY OR WHY NOT? (5 points)

Wind and solar energy are “clean” ways to generate electricity, although we tend to forget about pollution created in the production and disposal of equipment and we may overestimate their value due to grid - related requirements . Discuss both factors and how we might structure policies that would lead to efficient investment decisions.. (An answer would discuss the intermittency of these power sources and the need for (ii) more expensive transmission systems ; (iii)) need for more back - up , either batteries or traditional power plant ; (iiii)) pollution that is related to production and disposal of batteries and solar cells production . These costs could be offset by demand - side policies and by electricity prices that reflect full social costs..))

5.. Carbon dioxide emissions per KWH for coal - generated power is about 2.5 lbs , for gas about 1.0 lb.. and for solar and wind,, 0.. The carbon dioxide emissions from a gallon of gasoline is 20 lbs.. Suppose an electric car goes 45 miles for 10 KWH.. When will this car be cleaner – in terms of greenhouse gas emissions – than a standard gasoline - burning car,, and when won ’ t it?? (AAn answer would include:: ( i)) comparison of emissions,, which depends on the fuel efficiency of the gasoline car – if it goes 45 mpg,, then the car would emit 20 lbs,, which compares well to electricity generated by wind,, solar,, and gas,, and not as good as electricity from coal.. If the gasoline car gets 20 m gp,, the calculation changes,, and if it gets 90 mpg the comparison changes again.. The second part of the answer would then discuss the electricity system,, whether you charge the car during times of day that renewable power is available , and policies to encourage people to tailor demand to supply .))

Suppose the energy gap is real. (Energy saving technology exists where the real savings in energy costs exceeds the increase in purchase price over the inefficient alternative, yet people don’t buy it.) Give 3 reasons why the gap is consistent with economic reasoning (behavioral economics arguments accepted). Explain why the gap might appear to exist but actually be illusory (that is, real benefits do not exceed the additional cost to the purchaser).

Apex Art has been requested to prepare a bid on 500 pieces of framed artwork for a new hotel. Winning the bid would be a big boost for sales representative Jason Grant, who works entirely on commission. Sonja Gomes, the cost accountant for Apex, prepared the bid and calculated full product Costs of $121,000. Based on the company policy of pricing at 125% of full cost, Gomes gives Grant a figure of $151,200 to submit for the job.

Grant is very concerned. He tells Gomes that at that price, Apex has no chance of winning the job. He confides that he spent $500 of company funds to take the hotel’s purchasing agent to a basketball playoff game where the purchasing agent disclosed that a bid of $145,000 would win the job. He hadn’t planned to tell Gomes because he was confident that the bid she developed would be below that amount. Gomes reasons that the $500 he spent will be wasted if Apex doesn’t capitalize on this valuable information. In any case, the company will still make money if it wins the bid at $145,000 because it is higher than the full cost of $121,000.

Gomes suggests that if Grant is willing to use cheaper materials for the frame, he can achieve a bid of $145,000. The artwork has already been selected and cannot be changed, so the entire amount of the reduction in cost will need to come from framing materials.

A note regarding the bidding process:

The hotel would announce that it is seeking bids from suppliers interested in providing the artwork. The hotel would specify their requirements and a deadline for submitting bids. All interested companies, such as Apex Art, would submit bids in sealed envelopes. After the deadline has passed, the hotel company would unseal the bids and, assuming that at least one supplier submitted a bid within their maximum price (this is the info that Grant obtained from the purchasing agent which is not normally known to the bidders) would award the job. Generally, but not necessarily, the job is awarded to the company with the lowest bid.

Approaches to Ethical Decision Making

There is a large body of work stretching back thousands of years that discusses ethics. The list below is not intended to be either comprehensive or exhaustive. It is intended merely to provide a basic roadmap of the approaches that are commonly applied to business situations.

Long Term Self-interest (Egoism) - You should never take any action that is not in your or your organization’s long-term self-interest.

Personal Virtue - You should never do anything that is not honest, open, and truthful and that you would not be glad to see in the newspaper or TV.

Religious Injunction - You should never take an action that is unkind or that harms a sense of community.

Government Requirements - The law represents the minimal moral standards of society, so you should never take any action that violates the law.

Utilitarian Benefits - You should never take an action that does not result in greater good for society.   (cost vs. benefit analysis)

Individual Rights – You should never take an action that infringes on others’ agreed upon rights.

Justice - You should never take an action that would result in an unfair sharing of benefits or obligations.

Stakeholders are persons or groups with a legitimate interest in a company. Choose one or more as the most significant (but not all of them).

Questions:

1. State and describe the issues, if any, which may potentially violate ethical principles. Whose interests could be jeopardized due to the potential unethical behavior that you identified? Provide reasons why these stakeholders’ interests can be jeopardized.

2. What is Gomes’ rationale after Grant confides in her? Discuss the alternative courses of action that Gomes can take and the possible outcomes.

3. What should Gomes do, and why? Elaborate.

4. What can you conclude if Grant were to take Gomes’ suggestions, and what could be the consequences? What could be the possible consequences for taking the suggestion that you recommend?