Some mountain climbers will take a medication, called acetazolamide (trade name Diamox), starting 24 hours prior to ascending to elevation as a preventative to reduce high altitude sickness. To figure out how this alleviates high altitude sickness, answer the following questions.

1. Around 70% of CO2 is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. Draw this reaction.
2. Acetazolamide inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and H2O and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (bicarbonate and H+). What effect would this have on blood pH, blood PO2, and blood PCO2?
3. Acetazolamide triggers the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate and increase the respiratory rate. What effect would this have on blood pH, blood PO2, and blood PCO2?
4. Based on these answers, how does this help to prevent high altitude sickness?

Question 3 You are doing genetic studies on a family that has several members with a particular disease. You identify a gene with a one base pair difference (C→T) between the patients (T) and a healthy relative (C). This gene encodes a protein that acts as an enzyme in cellular metabolism.

(A) Describe two ways in which a C→T mutation in the DNA could cause a loss-of-function disruption in a protein.

(B) Describe how it is possible that a loss-of-function mutation can be dominant to wild-type

(C) Describe three potential consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in the protein described in (A). (Answer could be at a cellular or organismal level.)

(D) Describe two ways in which a C→T mutation in the DNA could cause a gain-of-functiondisruption in a protein.

1. Explain the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure.

2. List the functions of the hormones/enzyme listed below: • Aldosterone • Renin • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

3. Heart failure is when the heart cannot eject enough blood to meet the body’s oxygen and blood demand. Describe what would be the expected response from the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) system in a patient with heart failure.

4. How is RAAS upregulation detrimental to heart failure patients over time?

5. How does the sodium ion influence blood volume and blood pressure?

6. Give three examples of pathologies in which there is an upregulation of RAAS. Next to each one explain your reasoning.

7. How would high levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) affect someone with hypertension?

1. Glucokinase and hexokinase perform the same enzymatic function yet their role in carbohydrate metabolism / homeostasis is substantially different. a. Describe their cellular distribution / locations, functions, enzyme kenetics, and their regulation of each. b. Describe how each contributes to glucose homeostasis. c. Describe how insulin and glucagon may regulate these two enzymes. 2. The liver is centrally involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels. a. Describe what and how the liver contributes to glucose levels in both fed and fasted states b. Describe the molecular sources of substrates for glucose production. It is important to discuss the cellular source of these molecules as well as the physiological conditions in which they would be produced. c. Explain how and why blood glucose concentrations become dis-regulated during both fed and fasted states with type II diabetes.

1) What properties would you consider important for designing a fluorescent probe that could be used in vivo to study an enzyme activity found in blood vessels?

2) What is the difference between an epitope tag and a fusion protein? Describe how you might image dynamics of centrioles in live cells during cell division assuming you use a genetic approach involving creating a fusion protein. Use diagrams and words to explain what proteins you would use to do this and how you would design your experiment.

3) Show two different chemical labeling methods you could use to label high quality antibodies you have obtained from a company by using small organic fluorophores purchased from a chemical supplier. Draw the chemistry occurring on the antibody.

Normally, the pH of the human body is fixed in a very narrow range between 7.35 and 7.45. A patient with an acidotic blood pH of 7.3 may be treated with an alkali such as sodium hydrogen carbonate. Why would this treatment raise the pH of the blood?

Is time real? In other words, does time exist in the same sense as (say) matter or space? Or is it just a product of human consciousness?

Please provide a long answer to the question(s) above, using diagram and formula whenever possible.

1. Describe the energy requirements and metabolism of the various skeletal muscle types (slow oxidative and fast glycolytic).

2.Explain how human activities are changing the carbon cycle, and describe biological responses to those changes such as changes in phenology.

The health care industry is one of the few in the United States which continues to grow. Identify three reasons for this growth and briefly discuss the human resources strategic implications faced by health care organizations over the next decade and beyond.

Killing Germs

When a person has a bacterial infection their doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Give an example of an antibiotic and explain how it works to harm bacteria but not human cells.

Would antibiotics be effective for viruses? Explain why or why not.