1.The dimensions or units for the quantity (Pressure * Volume) is the same as the dimensions or units of

a.force

b.energy

c.energy/temperature

d.force/temperature

2.According to the ideal gas law, PV = constant for a given temperature and amount of gas. As a result, an increase in volume corresponds to a decrease in pressure. According to the kinetic theory, this happens because the molecules

a.Collide with each other more frequently

b.Move slower on the average.

c.Strike the container wall less often.

d.Transfer less energy to the walls of the container each time they strike it.

3.An air bubble ascends from the bottom of a lake 15 m deep. The temperature at the bottom of the lake is 4oC, and near the surface it is 20oC.

1. In some detail, explain why we (as humans) should not rely on the natural selection for the ∆32 allele to produce universal or near-universal resistance to the HIV virus

2. From an evolutionary perspective, what is meant by “fitness”?

3. List three different types or categories of mutations, describe briefly how each occurs, and the consequences of each regarding genetic variations

4. Although non-random mating does not itself change allele frequencies so technically is not a mechanism of evolution, it violates one of the assumptions of H-W equilibrium. In the context of H-W, why is non-random mating so profound in terms of evolutionary biology?

An experiment was conducted to determine the concentration of a particular bacterium (Pseudomonas syringae) found adhering to rocks in river beds. Of particular interest was whether the number of bacteria was the same for rocks near the source of the river versus rocks near the outlet of the river. The experiment was conducted as follows. Six rivers in Iowa were randomly sampled. Then, for each river, the number of bacteria was measured for rocks at the source of the river and for rocks at the outlet of the river (and measured as number of bacteria per unit sample).

The data are provided below with some summary statistics:

River 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sample Mean Sample Variance

Source 5600 2600 3260 4910 3750 1720 3640 2075800

Outlet 5480 2380 3300 4800 3680 1600 3540 2107520

>round(quantile(diff.boot, probs=c(0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.90, 0.95, 0.99, 0.995)), 3)

0.5% 1% 5% 10% 90% 95% 99% 99.5%

-2.776, -2.569, -1.677, -1.299, 1.910, 2.385, 7.906, 7.906

(a) Construct a 99% confidence interval for the difference in the mean number of bacteria at the source compared to the mean number of bacteria at the outlet. Assume whatever normality assumptions are required based on the sampling.

(b) Without doing any further work, comment on what conclusions you could draw if you conducted a test of the null hypothesis that the mean number of bacteria is the same at the source and at the outlet, versus the two-sided alternative.

(c) The scientists then decided instead to construct a 99% bootstrap T confidence interval. They’ve generated the bootstrap T distribution and a number of its quantiles. Construct a 99% bootstrap T confidence interval from the given information, explaining each step.

1. The alpha-tubulin molecule is composed of 450 amino acids. What is the minimum number of base pairs of DNA needed to encode the alpha-tubulin molecule?

A. 1350

B. 1335

C. 450

D. 445

2. Compared to a 0.5 M NaCl solution, a 0.2 M NaCl solution is __________.

A. hypotonic

B. hypertonic

C. isotonic

D. neotonic

3. You have identified a frame-shift mutation very near the N-terminus of the protein you are studying. What will be the MOST LIKELY effect on the function of the protein?

A. no effect, as the amino acids are the same, just shifted

B. the protein will be non-functional, as nearly all the amino acids will be different compared to the non-mutated protein

C. the protein will probably not be affected very much as the frame-shift mutation occurs near the end of the protein

4. Which of the following molecules are present in RNA, but not DNA?

A. adenine

B. guanine

C. phosphate group

D. ribose

E. thymine

5. Which of the following processes is central to the initiation of transcription in bacteria?

A. binding of sigma factor to the promoter region of a gene

B. formation of a phosphodiester bond in the elongating RNA strand

C. binding of DNA polymerase to the promoter region

D. formation of a DNA primer

E. binding of RNA polymerase to the enhancer region of a gene

6. Which of the following is false with regards to the DNA repair process in eukaryotes?

A. DNA repair proteins are constantly surveying our cells' DNA for damage and repairing the damage.

B. Damaged DNA can only be repaired during the S phase of the cell cycle.

C. Different kinds of DNA damage requires different DNA repair proteins.

D. A and C are both false.

Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC): “Press Release” December 13, 2017 “Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in November indicates that the labor market has continued to strengthen and that economic activity has been rising at a solid rate… [J]ob gains have been solid, and the unemployment rate declined further. Household spending has been expanding at a moderate rate, and growth in business fixed investment has picked up in recent quarters. On a 12-month basis, both overall inflation and inflation for items other than food and energy have declined this year and are running below 2 percent.

   Consistent with its statutory mandate the committee seeks to foster maximum employment and price stability… [T]he committee continues to expect that, with gradual adjustments in the stance of monetary policy, economic activity will expand at a moderate pace and labor markets conditions will remain strong. Inflation on a 12-month basis is expected to remain somewhat below 2 percent in the near term but to stabilize around the Committee's 2 percent objective over the medium term. Near-term risk to the economic outlook appear roughly balanced but the Committee is monitoring inflation development closely.

In view of realized and expected labor market conditions and inflation the Committee decided to raise the target range for the federal funds rate to 1-¼ to 1-½ percent. The stance of monetary policy remains accommodative.”

Explain in terms of an economist where the FOMC believes the Macroeconomics is as of 13 December 2017, what the FOMC’s policy is and why it is pursuing this policy given the current conditions as it describes them. How did the DOMC implement the fed funds rate adjustment described?

1.1 “The hegemonic transition to China will be conflictual and accompanied by a shift in the normative paradigm”. In light of the above article, critically evaluate this statement and discuss the extent to which China can assume the role of a hegemony in the near future. (10)

Can China assume the role of a hegemony in the near future? Using any other further research, discuss (2-3 pages) whether this is possible.

1.2 Discuss the impact that China would have on the rest of the world economies as a hegemonic leader (15)

China is closely linked to other economies of the world, especially through trade. If China assumes the role of a hegemony, what impact would this have on the economies of the rest of the world? (your discusion must be not leass 2 pages)

1.3 Differentiate between Mercantilist and Liberalist theories, critically analysing the extent of these IPE theories adopted by China. (15)

This is a two-part question. Firstly, highlight the main differences between the Mercantilist and Liberalist theories about 2-3 pages. Secondly, explain how China’s policies have been influenced by these theories over the years about 1-2 pages.

1.4 A recent news article stated that “the much talked about trade war between the US and China is one component of a broader confrontation between the two largest economies in the world’. Discuss the possible reasons for the imposition of trade barriers between China and the US, and the impact this can have on the South African economy (15)

This is also a two-part question. First, provide possible reasons for the imposition of trade barriers between the US and China. Additionally, explain what impact a trade war between the US and China would have on the South African economy, provide 4-5 pages.

select the experiments that use a randomized comparative design.

Participants in a study to determine the effects of a new blood pressure drug are divided into groups based on body mass index. All overweight participants receive the new drug, and all normal or underweight participants receive a currently approved drug.

Environmental scientists are concerned with the effects of nitrogen on the drinking water supply. Hundreds of farmers have volunteered to participate in the study in exchange for free fertilizer. The scientists assign the low-nitrogen blend to 25 randomly chosen farms near rivers, creeks, and tributaries and assign the normal blend to 25 randomly chosen farms not near such bodies of water. The scientists then compare mean biomass production in grams per square meter during the growing season.

A telephone company offers three plans to customers. The company randomly chooses 200 customers who have signed up for each of the three plans. It then compares their telephone bills over six months to determine which plan saves customers the most money.

To test a new epidermal treatment on fish in polluted pond water, 60 fish with epidermal abrasions from the same pond are randomly placed into three groups. One group receives the new treatment, another group receives the existing treatment, and the third group receives no treatment.

Students have volunteered to participate in a study of the effects of caffeine on memory. A computer program assigns each student at random to drink either a caffeinated or a decaffeinated beverage. The students are then given a list of 20 different objects to study for one minute and asked to write down as many of the new objects as they can remember.

Political parties want to know what groups of people support them. The General Social Survey (GSS) asked its 2014 sample, "Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as a Republican, Democrat, Independent, or what?" The GSS is essentially an SRS of American adults. Here is a large two-way tale breaking down the responses by the highest degree the subject held:

1. Make a 2x5 table by combining the counts in the three rows that mention Democrats, Republicans and ignoring strict independents and supporters of other parties. We might think of this table as comparing all adults who lean Democrat or Republican. How does support for the two major parties differ among adults with different levels of education?

2. Use the full table to analyze the differences in political party support among levels of education. The sample is so large that the differences are bound to be highly significant. but give the χ2χ2 test statistic and p-value nonetheless. The main challenge is in seeing what the data say. Does the full table yield any insights not found in the compressed table analyzed in part 1?

2.3. Each of the following scenarios presents a claim by a researcher. Assume that the sample sizes in each case was in the range of 20 to 25 observations per sample in each case. Answer the following for each scenario:

(i) state the appropriate null (HO) and alternate hypothesis (HA) in symbolic form (e.g. Hx : Meanleft = Meanright);

(ii) indicate whether it is a 1or 2-tailed test, and if a 1-tailed tests which tail is the area of rejection at.

A. Outside of the nesting season, male and female Robins do not differ in weight. An ornithologist thought however that females gained extra weight prior to nesting. She captured and weighed 20 adult females (F) and 22 males (M) from the same location just as they were started to build nests.wanted to know if this was also true during the nesting season.

B. A resident of Peterborough thinks the city is unusual in that the north end of the city (near Trent University) gets less rainfall than the south end (of the city (near Peterborough Airport). Data were collected for all rain events greater than 4 mm from weather stations at the University (TU) and the airport (PA) from April 1 to November 30 2019.

C. Whether the intensity of rain events (cm/hr) in August (AUG) differ from those in May (MAY) in Peterborough county.

D. A Professor wonders whether it is true that students actually spend more time (hours per week) on course work (ie “attending lectures” and doing assignments) in his online course(ON) compared to the same course taught face-to-face (F2F) in the same semester. He surveyed 25 students from each of the two courses.

theory 1

The ancestors of giraffes had short necks, and there was great competition for the plant food near the ground. Some of the giraffes kept trying to stretch their necks to reach leaves higher in the trees. As they stretched and stretched, their necks became longer. As their necks became longer, they were able to reach more food. Those ancestral giraffes survived to reproduce, while the giraffes that had not stretched their necks died. The offspring of giraffes with stretched necks inherited the longer necks. This process continued for generation after generation. In this way, giraffes evolved with longer and longer necks.

Theory 2

The ancestors of giraffes had short necks, and there was great competition for the plant food near the ground. Some of the ancestral giraffes naturally had slightly longer necks than others. The individuals with longer necks could reach leaves higher up in trees, and therefore could eat more food. Because those ancestral giraffes ate more food, they survived to produce offspring while the individuals with shorter necks did not. The offspring of giraffes with longer necks inherited the longer necks. This process continued for generation after generation. In this way, giraffes evolved with longer and longer necks.

a. In Theory 1, what caused the giraffe neck to become longer?

b. In Theory 2, what caused the giraffe neck to become longer?

c. According to what scientists now know about genes, could the giraffes’ offspring have inherited longer necks as described in Theory 1? Explain.

d. According to what scientists now know about genes, could the giraffes’ offspring have inherited longer necks as described in Theory 2? Explain.

e. Which of the two theories matches Darwin’s theory of evolution? Explain.