Suppose your work for the university of Michigan. The university wants to implement an email spam filter. So use the mbox.txt file that we used in class, build a filter system that filters emails into several categories of security levels: level 1 is the email from Uof M (@ umich.edu), level 2 is the email from other North American universities (@ xyz.edu), level 3 is the email from other educational institutions around the world (.uk, .za, etc.), and level 4 is the email from other email services (g m ail, etc). Please print out these 4 levels and also list all the senders (only those in the "From" lines) in each category. Example output: Level 1: zqian@ umich.edu Level 2: louis@ media.berkeley.edu ray@ media.berkeley.edu mmmy@ indiana.edu Level 3: antranig@ caret.cam.ac.uk david.horwitz@ uct.ac.za Level 4: gopal.ramasammycook@ g mail.com

Question 1

1. Give the full scientific name of one of the protist species that causes malaria. (1 mark)
2. Briefly explain how the complexity of the malaria life cycle influences the host’s immune response.
3. Name one diagnostic test appropriate for use in the diagnosis of a current malaria infection and explain how it works.
4. State two strategies to prevent malaria.

Question 2

1. New variants of influenza can be generated by processes known as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Distinguish between these two processes.
2. How might antigenic drift affect the design of a vaccination programme for influenza?
3. RT-PCR can be used to identify an influenza infection. State one other diagnostic test for influenza and describe how it can be used to determine the subtype of influenza.

Question 3

Read the following three statements and then answer the question below.

• In 2019, the UK lost its ‘measles-free’ status.
• The basic reproduction number for measles (R0) is given as between 12 and 18, in different studies.
• The immunisation rate in the UK for measles dipped to a low point in 2003 to 80% coverage and since then has risen to 91% in 2019.

Explain, using calculations, the causal link between these three statements and briefly discuss whether there is any prospect of the UK regaining its ‘measles-free’ status in the next 5 years.

Question 4

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease endemic in some areas but prone to resurgences in pandemics.

1. What is the primary cause of death in cases of cholera?
2. What is the normal habitat of Vibrio cholerae? (1 mark) Describe one way in which people can become infected (1 mark) and one step that an individual could take to minimise that risk of infection (1 mark)
3. A stockpile of oral cholera vaccine is maintained by the WHO for use in humanitarian crises and outbreaks. From your knowledge of the biology of cholera infection, and referring to aspects of the appropriate immune response, explain why oral vaccines are used.
4. A freak weather event on a large tropical island destroys housing and leads to the local population being rehoused in a cramped refugee camp, where a cholera epidemic soon occurs. Apart from distributing oral cholera vaccine, what additional public health measures should be taken in the refugee camp to limit further infection and/or deaths from cholera?

Question 5

1. Your friend is suffering from a fever and respiratory symptoms. She visits her GP and requests antibiotics. Explain why antibiotics may not be appropriate for her infection.
2. Describe the effects of the overuse of antibiotics on the bacterial population in humans.
3. In order to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections some GPs now use a rapid point-of-care (POC) test for levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Explain the role of CRP in the immune response and its relevance to use in this test.
4. In a hospital setting, treatment with antibiotics is a risk factor for infection with Clostridium difficile. Explain why Clostridium difficile is commonly acquired in hospitals.

Question 6

1. The cytokine IFNγ is produced by Th1 cells. Outline three different functions of IFNγ in inflammation and/or the immune response.
2. Name one cytokine that is produced specifically by Th2 cells and state what effect it has on its target cell(s).
3. What advantage is there for the host in having two distinct patterns of immune response, controlled by Th1 and Th2 cells?

The following selected transactions were completed by Capers Company during October of the current year:

Journalize the entries to record the transactions of Capers Company for October. Refer to the chart of accounts for the exact wording of the account titles. CNOW journals do not use lines for journal explanations. Every line on a journal page is used for debit or credit entries. CNOW journals will automatically indent a credit entry when a credit amount is entered.

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JOURNAL

ACCOUNTING EQUATION

The following selected transactions were completed by Capers Company during October of the current year:

Explain the major changes of China's export commodity composition since 1979, and the implication of these changes on China and the world.

Explain China's trade imbalance with its trading partners.

Please answer those two questions in details.

In a universe with dark energy, the rate of expansion of the universe immediately after the formation of the universe is decelerating but changes to accelerating in the more recent past. Why might this change occur?(Recall how the density of the universe changes with time)

What are some current trends in the labor market?What are the current unemployment rate trends?Describe the changes in percentage terms and relate the changes in employment to the growth of the U.S. economy between the two years of 2010 and 2017.

If the price of CoCos(contingent convertible bonds) decrease, and its yield increase dramatically. How will company's Tier 1 capital level changes? Increase or decrease? Would company's ROE ratio changes at the same time?