Directions Use the Chi-Square option in the Nonparametric Tests menu to answer the questions based on the following scenario. (Assume a level of significance of .05 and use information from the scenario to determine the expected frequencies for each category).

Scenario

During the analysis of the district data, it was determined that one high school had substantially higher Graduate Exit Exam scores than the state average and the averages of high schools in the surrounding districts. To better understand possible reasons for this difference, the superintendent conducted several analyses. One analysis examined the population of students who completed the exam. Specifically, the superintendent wanted to know if the distribution of special education, regular education, and gifted/talented test takers from the local high school differed from the statewide distribution. The obtained data are provided below.

Description

Number of students from local high school who took the graduate exam.

Special Education (10) Regular Education (104) Gifted/Talented (26)

Percent of test-taking students state wide who took the graduate exam

Special Education (7) Regular Education (77) Gifted/Talented (16)

1. If the student distribution for the local high school did not differ from the state, what would be the expected percentage of students in each category?

2. What were the actual percentages of local high school students in each category? (Report final answer to two decimal places)

3. State an appropriate null hypothesis for this analysis.

4. What is the value of the chi-square statistic?

5. What are the reported degrees of freedom?

6. What is the reported level of significance?

7. Based on the results of the one-sample chi-square test, was the population of test taking students at the local high school statistically significantly different from the statewide population?

8. Present the results as they might appear in an article. This must include a table and narrative statement that reports and interprets the results of the analysis.

Python language!!!!!

№1

The translation from the Berland language into the Birland language is not an easy task. Those languages are very similar: a berlandish word differs from a birlandish word with the same meaning a little: it is spelled (and pronounced) reversely. For example, a Berlandish word code corresponds to a Birlandish word edoc. However, it's easy to make a mistake during the «translation». Vasya translated word s from Berlandish into Birlandish as t. Help him: find out if he translated the word correctly.

Input

The first line contains word s, the second line contains word t. The words consist of lowercase Latin letters. The input data do not consist unnecessary spaces. The words are not empty and their lengths do not exceed 100 symbols.

Output

If the word t is a word s, written reversely, print YES, otherwise print NO.

Examples

input

code
edoc

output

YES

№2

Anton likes to play chess, and so does his friend Danik.

Once they have played n games in a row. For each game it's known who was the winner — Anton or Danik. None of the games ended with a tie.

Now Anton wonders, who won more games, he or Danik? Help him determine this.

Input

The first line of the input contains a single integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 100 000) — the number of games played.

The second line contains a string s, consisting of n uppercase English letters 'A' and 'D' — the outcome of each of the games. The i-th character of the string is equal to 'A' if the Anton won the i-th game and 'D' if Danik won the i-th game.

Output

If Anton won more games than Danik, print "Anton" (without quotes) in the only line of the output.

If Danik won more games than Anton, print "Danik" (without quotes) in the only line of the output.

If Anton and Danik won the same number of games, print "Friendship" (without quotes).

Examples

input

6
ADAAAA

output

Anton

№3

You can not just take the file and send it. When Polycarp trying to send a file in the social network "Codehorses", he encountered an unexpected problem. If the name of the file contains three or more "x" (lowercase Latin letters "x") in a row, the system considers that the file content does not correspond to the social network topic. In this case, the file is not sent and an error message is displayed.

Determine the minimum number of characters to remove from the file name so after that the name does not contain "xxx" as a substring. Print 0 if the file name does not initially contain a forbidden substring "xxx".

You can delete characters in arbitrary positions (not necessarily consecutive). If you delete a character, then the length of a string is reduced by 11. For example, if you delete the character in the position 22 from the string "exxxii", then the resulting string is "exxii".

Input

The first line contains integer nn (3≤n≤100)(3≤n≤100) — the length of the file name.

The second line contains a string of length nn consisting of lowercase Latin letters only — the file name.

Output

Print the minimum number of characters to remove from the file name so after that the name does not contain "xxx" as a substring. If initially the file name dost not contain a forbidden substring "xxx", print 0.

Examples

input

6
xxxiii

output

1

SELLING MEDICAL ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGY IN ASIA
by Linda Trevi~no and Alessandro Gubbini
Asurprisingethicaldilemmaaroseforayoungengineerduringhisfirstbusinesstripto Asia towork with customers of his company’s ultrasound imaging technology. On the long airplane ride, Pat was dutifully reading a travel book to learn more about Korean and Chinese cultures when hewas shocked to learn how ultrasound technologies were being used in these countries. A technology that he had always considered to be a way to help people by diagnosing disease was being commonly used to intentionally identify andterminate pregnancieswhenthefetuswasfemale.Asanengineer,Pat had been trained to be passionate about innovation and problem solving. He was used to thinking about these technologies as innovative high-tech solutions to serious health problems. He was also committed to developing higher-quality, more efficient, affordable devices so that they could be used more widely. It had never occurred to him that in some Asian cultures, where overpopulation combined with a strong patriarchal culture led to a preference for sons over daughters, this technology that he considered to be innovative, helpful, and supportive of people’s well-being might be used to eliminate female lives. As ultrasound technology has advanced and become more available, it has been used more widely in decisions to abort female fetuses in favor of sons. After some more research, Pat learned that this practice has become quite common in China, which controls population growth by allowing families to have only one child. In India, female children are more costly to families because the culture requires the family to bear the expenses of their daughters’ weddings and dowries. By comparison, an ultrasound exam is a small expense even for these poor families. Pat was further surprised to learn that using ultrasound technology to identify fetus gender and abort the fetus based upon gender information is unlawful in most of these countries (for example, in India doctors are forbidden from disclosing the gender of fetuses). However, the enforcement of such laws is difficult and spotty, especially in clinics that are far away from citiies and regulators.The problem is being exacerbated because many ultrasound machines are being sold on the second-hand market, thus making ultrasound more available and more affordable to these clinics. The increasing use of the technology to abort female fetuses is beginning to create a huge societal problem because males are outnumbering females, distorting nature’s careful gender balance. There are estimates that more than 150 million women are“missing”from the world as a result of sex-selective abortions and female infanticide. That’s equivalent to missing every woman in America! The 2001 Indian census demonstrated a huge drop in the number of young girls relative to boys(927 girls for every 1,000 boys compared to 945 to 1,000 a decade earlier) ,and the problem continues to worsen as the use of ultrasound technology increases. According to UNICEF, China now has only 832 girls for every 1,000 boys aged 0–4. Looking to the future as these children grow up, some have predicted increasing trafficking of women for prostitution and violent crime as young males compete for the smaller number of available females. In thinking through what he had learned, Pat found himself considering the patients, the healthcare practitioners, and the healthcare industry as well as his company, other technology developers, and the broader cultures involved. Patients benefit from access to life-saving technologies that can identify diseases at an early stage so that they can be treated more successfully. But patients can also be harmed if, due to early identification of their child’s gender, mothers feel forced into abortions against their will. In these cultures, many mothers apparently do feel compelled by cultural or family pressures to abort female fetuses.Medical practitioners benefit from the ability to do faster and more accurate diagnoses, but they too can be pressured to use these systems for unethical purposes. The industry and the developers (including Pat’s company)certainly profit from the production and sale of more of these products. But the company and industry risk sullying their reputations if they are found responsible for selling these systems to unauthorized users for unlawful purposes. Imagine what the media could make of that story. According to a prestigious British medical journal, The Lancet (2006), the unlawful use of diagnostic ultrasound technologies is contributing to an estimated 1 million abortions of female fetuses every year.Yet, these diagnostic technologies still greatly benefit society world wide in saving and improving the lives of many millions of patients. How should Pat think about this? Do the benefits to society of the technology outweigh the harms? Even if they do, does the company want to be connected to a practice that many people find immoral and that is illegal in many countries?Pat found this practice particularly distasteful when looking at it from the perspective of the females who would not be born simply because of their gender. Pat wondered, “Is this practice fair to them? And aren’t we all facilitating the practice by looking the other way? What would happen if such gender discrimination were globally accepted as normal practice? Could that ever be the right thing to do?” What would international health organizations such as the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB), which provides training and education to doctors worldwide, have to say about such practices? Pat wondered what his wife would think if she knew that his work involved this unexpected result? Would she expect him to do something? What is his individual responsibility here? What is his company’s responsibility? Because Pat felt so confused by what he had read, and he didn’t fully understand the legal or cultural environment, he never mentioned the subject to his Asian clients. But it remained in the back of his mind. When he returned home, he kept thinking aboutit.Therewasnoformalstructureforhimtosurfacetheissuewithinthecompany, so he decided to discuss the subject with some trusted colleagues. He wondered whether they were aware of the issue and what they might think about it. Were they as bothered as he was? It turns out that they were as unaware of these practices as he had been. It also seemed more distant to them because they had not traveled to Asia as he had, and there was no agreement about what to do. Engineers tend to think about products only in technical terms—the potential for technical flaws and dangers that might harm patients. They rarely encounter the ultimate end users, and they’re not trained to think about cultural implications. Asa Westerner, all of this was particularly hard for Pat to deal with. He was caught completely off guard. He asked himself: “What do I need to do, if anything? I’m scheduledtoreturntothesecountriestosupportourclients’useofourtechnology, so I won’t be able to avoid the issue for long. It seems almost ridiculous that I became aware of this issue through a travel book. If it hadn’t been for that book, I probably never would have thought about the issue at all. My company had not prepared me. It offered no special training on cultural or ethical issues for employees they send to work overseas. It seemed like the company’s values of providing people with the opportunity for earlier diagnoses prevented us from exploring the potential misuse of our product. The company and industry focus on how to develop technologies to identify life-threatening conditions earlier, better, and faster. We like to think of our selves and our technologies as saving lives,not risking them. The company’s stated value is to provide healthcare solutions to patients worldwide. But, in this case, our technology was being used to both save and end lives.Do our values need to change? I think of our company as being good and ethical, but we were obviously unprepared in this case. We had not done our homework.” Even if the company wanted to do something, Pat wondered what they could do. The company is an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), meaning that it doesn’t sell directly to the end users. Therefore the responsibility for putting these technologies into the wrong hands is widely dispersed across different manufacturers, distributors and local institutions. Pat also wondered whether and how the company couldinfluencethesedifferentpartiestotakeactionevenifitdecideditwasrighttodo so. On top of that,the company is in the United States, and these end users are halfway across the world.

1. Does this use of our technology breach a core value? Or is this a case where we should respect local cultural practice? Is there some compromise position in between?
2. How might the company think about our responsibility from a supply‐chain perspective? Might they learn anything from companies in other industries that have had to deal with this issue? For example, would it be appropriate to initiate a policy to engage with customers who certify that they will sell exclusively to authorized users? Even if the company did that, how could they be sure customers were complying?

Fill in the name of the vocabulary term that is described below.

Policy Implementation Steps

Learning Objectives and Outcomes



Explain proper policy implementation steps and describe factors relating to its success.

Scenario

Two health care organizations have recently merged. The parent organization is a large medical clinic

that is HIPAA compliant. The clinic recently acquired a remote medical clinic that provides a specialty

service. The remote clinic is organized in a flat structure, but the parent organization is organized in a

hierarchical structure with many departments and medical clinics. These organizations are in the process

of aligning their operations. You are asked to make major refinements to the organization’s cell phone use

policy immediately.

Assignment Requirements

Read the scenario carefully and then research examples of cell phone policies and implementation. Write

a report citing examples of at least three successful cell phone policy implementations found in your

research. Indicate how you would analyze your organization, and then how you would identify and finalize

a cell phone use policy for the organization. In addition, provide a rationale as to what types of business

challenges would be overcome or enhanced.

When Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971 after a brutal civil war that may have left as many as 3 million dead, the U.S. National Security Adviser, Henry Kissinger, referred to the country as a “basket case.” Kissinger’s assessment was accurate enough. At the time, Bangladesh was one of the world’s poorest nations. Although most of the country is dominated by the fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, a lack of other natural resources, coupled with poor infrastructure, political instability, and high levels of corruption, long held the country back. To compound matters, Bangladesh is prone to natural disasters. Most of Bangladesh is less than 12 meters above sea level. The extensive low-lying areas are vulnerable to tropical cyclones, floods, and tidal bores.

Beginning in the mid-1990s, however, Bangladesh began to climb the ladder of economic progress. From the early 2000s onward, the country grew its economy at around 6 percent per annum compounded. Today, this Muslim majority country of 160 million people has joined the ranks of lower-middle-income nations. Poverty reduction has been dramatic, with the percentage of the population living in poverty falling from 44.2 percent in 1991 to 18.5 percent in 2010, an achievement that raised 20.5 million people out of abject poverty. Today the country ranks 64th out of the 154 countries included in the World Bank’s global poverty database. It has a considerable way to go, but it is no longer one of the world’s poorest countries.

Several reasons underlie Bangladesh’s relative economic success. In its initial postindependence period, Bangladesh adopted socialist policies, nationalizing many companies and subsidizing the costs of agricultural production and basic food products. These policies failed to deliver the anticipated gains. Policy reforms in the 1980s were directed toward the withdrawal of food and agricultural subsidies, the privatization of state-owned companies, financial liberalization, and the withdrawal of some import restrictions. Further reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy were launched in the 1990s. These included making the currency convertible (which led to a floating exchange rate in 2003), reducing import duties to much lower levels, and removing most of the controls on the movement of foreign private capital (which allowed for more foreign direct investment). The reforms of the 1990s coincided with the transition to a parliamentary democracy from semi-autocratic rule.

Bangladesh’s private sector has expanded rapidly since then. Leading the growth has been the country’s vibrant textile sector, which is now the second-largest exporter of ready-made garments in the world after China. Textiles account for 80 percent of Bangladesh’s exports. The development of the textile industry has been helped by the availability of low-cost labor, managerial skills, favorable trade agreements, and government policies that eliminated import duties on inputs for the textile business, such as raw materials. The Bangladesh economy has also benefited from its productive agricultural sector and remittances from more than 10 million Bangladesh citizens who work in other nations. Bangladesh is also home of the microfinance movement, which has enabled entrepreneurs with no prior access to the banking system to borrow small amounts of capital to start businesses.

This being said, the country still faces considerable impediments to sustaining its growth. Infrastructure remains poor; corruption continues to be a major problem; and the political system is, at best, an imperfect democracy where opposition is stifled. The country is too dependent upon its booming textile sector and needs to diversify its industrial base. Bangladesh is also one of the countries most prone to the adverse affects of climate change. A one-meter rise in sea level would leave an estimated 10 percent of the country under water and increase the potential for damaging floods in much of the remainder. Nevertheless, according to the U.S. investment bank Goldman Sachs, Bangladesh is one of the 11 lower-middle-income nations poised for sustained growth.

1. What were the principal reasons for the economic stagnation of Bangladesh after its war for independence?

2. Explain how the liberalization program in the 1990s enabled Bangladesh to start climbing the ladder of economic progress.

3. Bangladesh is dependent for its prosperity upon agriculture and textile exports. What are the risks here? How might Bangladesh diversify its industrial and commercial base?

Answer the following questions based on your review of the following article.

Article：

Facebook, Google May Face Billions in New Taxes Across Asia, Latin America

——Europe’s proposal to impose a new tax on tech giants is inspiring other governments

Dozens of countries are stepping up efforts to levy new taxes on technology giants such as Alphabet Inc. and Facebook Inc., hoping to capture revenue from digital services as economic activity increasingly shifts online.

Inspired by European Union proposals to impose a tax based on the revenue of tech companies rather than their profit, South Korea, India and at least seven other Asian-Pacific countries are exploring new taxes. Mexico, Chile and other Latin American countries too are contemplating new taxes aimed at boosting receipts from foreign tech firms.

Such taxes, which are separate from corporate income taxes many companies already pay, are broadly known as digital taxes and could add billions of dollars to companies’ tax bills. They seek to impose levies on digital services sold by global companies in a given country from units based outside that country. In some cases, the proposed taxes target services involving the collection of data about local residents, such as targeted online advertising.

“Countries across the planet now understand they must impose a digital tax,” said Bruno Le Maire, France’s finance minister, who is lobbying across Europe for the tax ahead of a meeting of EU finance ministers in November. “It is a question of fairness.”

In Europe, where the digital tax has run into opposition, some countries have signaled they are prepared to act unilaterally. U.K. Treasury chief Philip Hammond, who is set to make his annual budget statement on Monday, said earlier this month that his country is prepared to “go it alone with a digital services tax.”

The efforts in Asia, the U.K. and Latin America make it likelier that several different taxes will go on the books, even if the European proposal faces a political fight. Europe is the largest overseas market for many tech firms, and the EU estimates that its proposal would bring in about EUR5 billion ($5.7 billion) annually. But digital taxes could eventually take a bigger bite in Asia, where growth is faster and there are many more internet users.

“If we put this matter aside, I think the nation will be losing revenue,” said Datuk Amiruddin Hamzah, Malaysia’s deputy finance minister, at a recent event. Malaysia is considering adding digital taxes for its 2019 budget speech on Nov. 2.

Opponents of digital taxes, which include lobbyists for multinationals and countries with big exports, say a patchwork of new rules that vary by country will hurt smaller firms. They say the initiatives could lead to double taxation of corporate profits that will stifle international trade and discourage investment.

The tech industry opposes the proposals. On Friday, the Information Technology Industry Council, a Washington, D.C.-based lobby group that represents tech firms including Google and Facebook, warned that the digital tax “poses a real and significant threat to companies in all sectors,” citing the potential for double taxation.

Google and Facebook declined to comment on the proposals.

At the heart of the debate is the question of where tech giants should pay their taxes.

Under international tax principles, income is taxed where value is created. For tech companies, that is not always clear. Services including advertising and taxi reservations are now often delivered digitally from halfway around the world, by companies that pay little income tax locally.

U.S. tech companies often report little profit, and therefore pay little income tax, in the overseas countries where they sell their digital services. That is because customers in those countries are actually buying from a unit based elsewhere, often a low-tax country. The in-country unit is tasked with marketing and support, and the overseas unit that actually makes sales reimburses the local unit for expenses, leaving little taxable profit.

Under growing political pressure, some tech firms, includingAmazon.com Inc., Facebook and Google, have recently started declaring more revenue in countries where they do business. But they also declare more expenses locally, which could offset much of that additional revenue.

The EU’s proposal for boosting its tax receipts is to create a tax on the digital revenue of very large companies from customers within the region’s borders, in addition to the traditional tax on their after-expense profits. Under the current proposal, the tax would stay in effect until there is a global deal on how to address the digital economy.

But the EU measure needs unanimous approval from member states to pass, and several countries remain opposed, including Ireland, where many tech giants have their EU headquarters, in part because of the country’s favorable tax rate.

The proposals put pressure on big countries including the U.S.--which last year imposed a new minimum tax on American multinationals’ overseas profits -- to arrive at an agreement about how to tax the digital economy. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a forum of wealthy countries, has been leading international talks with the goal of reaching a consensus by 2020.

Pascal Saint-Amans, the head of the group’s tax-policy center, said the proposals create an incentive to move more quickly. “We understand there has been some frustration, and there is a political urgency,” he said. “We cannot ignore it.”

On Thursday, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin expressed concern over “unilateral and unfair” tax proposals aimed at U.S. tech companies and urged his overseas counterparts to work within the OECD on a global plan.

In South Korea, however, lawmakers are holding committee meetings through next week to decide whether to impose a new digital tax. Lawmakers estimate foreign tech giants generated as much as 5 trillion South Korean won ($4.4 billion) in sales in the country last year but paid less than 100 million won in taxes -- less than one quarter what they would have paid if they were a domestic company, they say.

“The EU became the reference point for a lot of Asian countries, and we have been able to follow their lead,” said Pang Hyo-chang, a information-technology professor who wrote a report on digital taxes used by South Korean lawmakers.

—Andrea Thomas in Berlin contributed to this article.

Questions:

1. What is a digital tax and how is it proposed to be levied? 4 points

2. Why would lobbyists of Mutinational Enterprises argue against a digital tax? In your explanation, discuss the likely impact of a digital tax on affected Multinational Enterprises. (6 points)

3. Indicate TWO arguments that lobbyists presented in the article against a digital tax and evaluate the reasonableness of these arguments. (6 points)

4. Identify and briefly explain TWO difficulties cited in the article in implementing a digital tax. (4 points)

5. Explain TWO recommendations that you would provide to affected Multinational Enterprises to manage the prospect of a digital tax. (5 points)

The article below, “Nuns Stole $500k And Spent It On Gambling And Vacations” by Brendan Cole, appeared in Newsweek on December 9, 2018:

“Two nuns in California allegedly stole more than $500,000 from the school they had been at for years, which they spent in casinos and on vacations. Bank records show Sister Mary Margaret Kreuper and Sister Lana Lang had been embezzling funds from St. James Catholic School in Torrence for at least a decade, the Press-Telegram reported.

But officials from the Archdiocese of Los Angeles told parents and alumni of the school that auditors have not been able to trace all of the money trail.

Kreuper had retired as the school's principal earlier this year and she dealt with the school fees, which she allegedly withheld and deposited into an account only she and Chang knew about, the paper said.

While investigators found the two gave some of the stolen money back to the school, the rest was used for their "personal gain." Kreuper has admitted she took the money and expressed remorse.

Monsignor Michael Meyers, the pastor at St. James Catholic Church sent a letter to pupils’ parents stating that Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, the nuns’ order, is cooperating with the parish and the Archdiocese to find out how much money was taken.

“Our community is concerned and saddened by this situation and regret any injury to our long relationship with the families of the school,” the Order said in a statement.

“The Sisters of St. Joseph both desire and intend to make complete restitution to St. James School,” the Daily Breeze reported.

Police have been informed but the Archdiocese does not intend to pursue criminal proceedings against the sisters. “At our school, we have initiated additional procedures and oversight policies for financial management and reporting responsibilities,” Meyers wrote.

Archdiocese lawyer Marge Graf said the nuns’ order agreed to pay the school full restitution and impose “severe sanctions” on Kreuper and Chang. Graf said: “We do know that they had a pattern of going on trips, we do know they had a pattern of going to casinos, and the reality is, they used the account as their personal account.”

There have been calls among some parents for the pair to be charged while others said they should be forgiven.

Jack Alexander of Redondo Beach said that the pair would often go traveling and gambling, claiming they had been given the money by a rich relative. “These nuns took a vow of poverty and said, ‘Oh no, we’ve got a rich uncle'. The rich uncle was the parents of the St. James students,” he said.”

Required:  

In order for fraud to occur, two elements must be present, opportunity and motivation. Please make reference to the text in the article above that supports/describes each element.

In addition, there are several important characteristics (different from opportunity and motivation) that appear in many fraud cases. Please describe at least two of these characteristics that are described here: Small amounts regularly over period of time (skimming)  Lack of audits or supervisory oversight  Trusted employee  Collusion (2 or more employees)  No vacation (or works during vacation)  No background checks when employee was hired  Government, non-profits, religious – highly susceptible

Richard Branson Shoots for the Moon

The Virgin Group is the umbrella for a variety of business ventures ranging from air travel to entertainment. With close to 200 companies in over 30 countries, it is one of the largest companies in the world. At the head of this huge organization is Richard Branson. Branson founded Virgin over

30 years ago and has built the organization from a small student magazine to the multibillion-dollar enterprise it is today.Branson is not your typical CEO. Branson’s dyslexia made school a struggle and sabotaged his performance on standard IQ tests. His teachers and tests had no way of measuring his greatest strengths—his uncanny knack for uncovering lucrative business ideas and his ability to energize

the ambitions of others so that they, like he, could rise to the level of their dreams. Richard Branson’s true talents began to show themselves in his late teens. While a student at Stowe School in England in 1968, Branson decided to start his own magazine, Student. Branson was inspired by the student activism on his campus in the 1960s and decided to try something different. Student differed from most college newspapers or magazines; it focused on the students and their interests. Branson sold advertising to major corporations to support his magazine. He included articles by ministers of Parliament, rock stars, intellectuals, and celebrities. Student grew to become a commercial success. In 1970 Branson saw an opportunity for Student to offer records cheaply by running ads for mail-order delivery. The subscribers to Student flooded the magazine with so many orders that his spin-off discount music venture proved more lucrative than the magazine subscriptions. Branson recruited the staff of Student for his discount music business. He built a small recording studio and signed his first artist. Mike Oldfield recorded “Tubular Bells” at Virgin in 1973; the album sold 5 million copies, and Virgin Records and the Virgin brand

name were born. Branson has gone on to start his own airline (VirginAtlantic Airlines was launched in 1984), build hotels (Virgin Hotels started in 1988), get into the personal finance business (Virgin Direct

Personal Finance Services was launched in 1995), and even enter the cola wars (Virgin Cola was introduced in 1994). And those are just a few highlights of the Virgin Group—all this while Branson has attempted to break world speed records for crossing the Atlantic Ocean by boat and by hot air balloon.

As you might guess, Branson’s approach is nontraditional—he has no giant corporate office or staff and few if any board meetings. Instead, he keeps each enterprise small and relies on his skills of empowering people’s ideas to fuel success. When a flight attendant from Virgin Airlines approached him with her vision of a wedding business, Richard told her to go do it. He even put on a wedding dress himself to help launch the publicity. Virgin Brides was born. Branson relies heavily on the creativity of his staff; he is more a supporter of new ideas than a creator of them. He encourages searches for new business ideas everywhere he goes and even has a spot on the Virgin Web site called “Got a Big Idea?”

In December 1999 Richard Branson was awarded a knighthood in the Queen’s Millennium New Year’s Honours List for “services to entrepreneurship. What is next on Branson’s list? He recently announced that Virgin was investing money in “trying to make sure that, in the not too distant future, people from around the world will be able to go into space.” Not everyone is convinced that space tourism can become a fully-fledged part of the travel industry, but with Branson behind the idea it just might fly.

1. Would you classify Richard Branson as a manager or a leader? What qualities distinguish him as one or the other?

2. Describe the relationship between Branson and his followers. (5MARKS)

Q2,If you were a manager in a bank and you had to choose motivating and hygiene factors to design a reward system ,keeping Herzberg’s theory in mind which two motivating and which two hygiene factors would you choose for bank employees? Justify your answer giving a detailed explanation.  

Q3a).As a leader of a small team of 20 team members working in a software company , what team decision making options do you think you have and explain any two of them

Q3b) Identify whichone would you apply for decision making for your team of 20 software professionals.