Journal Article Type/Real world application of statistics: Instead of using a journal article this time, I’m going to give you an explanation of a research project and questions. You will then answer them based on the information you have been given.

Research case scenario: The research is examining the difference in Organizational Commitment scores in US Millennials who were involved in extracurricular sports and those who were not during adolescence. The purpose of this research is to identify whether or not identity-seeking behaviors during adolescence transfers to adulthood-working behaviors in Millennials. The sample consisted of 233 U.S. full-time working, college-educated, Millennials from Amazon’s MTurk. The results found there was a statistically significant difference in organizational commitment between groups (t = 2.13, p < .05).

9. What was the population used in this sample?
10. What was the sample?
11. What is the purpose of this study?
12. What statistical test was used in this study?

A. A company produces steel rods. The lengths of the steel rods are normally distributed with a mean of 162.4-cm and a standard deviation of 0.6-cm. For shipment, 16 steel rods are bundled together.
Find the probability that the average length of a randomly selected bundle of steel rods is less than 162.6-cm.
P(¯xx¯ < 162.6-cm) =

B. A company produces steel rods. The lengths of the steel rods are normally distributed with a mean of 246.8-cm and a standard deviation of 1.1-cm. For shipment, 24 steel rods are bundled together.
Find the probability that the average length of a randomly selected bundle of steel rods is greater than 247.3-cm.
P(¯xx¯ > 247.3-cm) =

C. Business Weekly conducted a survey of graduates from 30 top MBA programs. On the basis of the survey, assume the mean annual salary for graduates 10 years after graduation is 149000 dollars. Assume the standard deviation is 39000 dollars. Suppose you take a simple random sample of 77 graduates.
Do not use probability tables to find the probabilities below as they may not be accurate enough.
Find the probability that a single randomly selected salary is at least 144000 dollars.
P(X > 144000) =
Find the probability that a sample of size n=77n=77 is randomly selected with a mean that is at least 144000 dollars.
P(¯xx¯ > 144000) =

Which one of the following is a cash outflow in cash budgeting?

Interest earned

Interest paid

Proceeds from fixed asset sales

Proceeds from stock sales

6. The following behaviors are grounds for dismissal EXCEPT:

1. Unsatisfactory performance and misconduct
2. Becoming pregnant within one year of employment on the job
3. Lack of qualification for the job
4. Change of requirements or elimination of the job

7. How does merit pay differ from bonus?

1. Merit pay becomes part of an employee’s base pay, but bonus is not
2. A bonus becomes part of an employee’s base pay, but merit pay is not
3. A bonus is linked to individual performance, while merit pay is linked to company performance
4. A merit pay is linked to individual performance, while bonus pay is linked to company’s performance

8. Which of the following accurately describes the relevant date in relation to dismissal of an employee with notice given by his/her employer?

1. The date on which that notice termination expires, regardless of where it falls on the calendar
2. The date on which the termination expires, once it does not fall on a public holiday
3. The date on which the employees approved vacation expires
4. One week prior to the effective date of dismissal

9. What type of gain sharing plan uses the formula: net sales minus cost of materials supplies all divided by the total payroll expenses to determine employee bonuses?

1. Lincoln
2. Rucker
3. Improshare
4. Scanlon

10. Gain sharing is an incentive plan that:

1. uses a trust to hold stock in individual employee accounts and distributes it to employees upon retirement
2. engages many or all employees in a common effort to achieve a company’s productivity objectives, with any resulting cost-savings gains shared among employees and the company
3. contributes company’s shares of its own stock or cash to be used to purchase company stock to a trust established to purchase shares of the firm’s stock for employees
4. provides tax advantages for employees by deferring income taxes, often until employee retires.

Apple Company purchased 42% of Orange Company's common stock for $418,000 on January 1, 2021. During 2021, Orange Company reported a net income of $79,000 and paid dividends totaling $13,000. For 2022, Orange Company paid dividends totaling $21,000. On December 31, 2022, Apple Company sold three-fourths of its investment in Orange Company for $319,625 cash. Apple Company reported a loss on the sale equal to $12,460. What is the amount of net income earned by Orange Company in 2022?

Find an article on a company that has experienced financial fraud. What are some of the key points of the article? What did you learn after reading this article?

Explain to us what the company should have done differently. Be sure to reference the website and the company

BP (British Petroleum) faced in 2010 a deep crisis as result of an accident -the worst environmental disaster in the United Stated up to date- in one of the prospection owned by the company. 11 people died, the equivalent to 4.9 million barrels were discharged in the Gulf of Mexico with devastating consequence to the marine life and $42.2 billion were claimed up to 2013 as civil liabilities.

Read the article “BP oil spill: Five years after 'worst environmental disaster' in US history, how bad was it really?”(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11546654/BP-oil-spill-Five-years-after-worst-environmental-disaster-in-US-history-how-bad-was-it-really.html) and answer the following questions:

Do you think that BP could have managed the crisis more effectively? Why or why not?

Could the reputational damage suffered by the company been avoided by a better/more adequate response?

Do you recall when the crisis was happening? What do you recall hearing about it from the media? Was the company doing enough to respond to the public at the time the crisis was happening?

1. 1. While many argue that sweatshops must be shut down at all costs, many have argued that the employees would be far worse off without the work. Banning Sweatshops Only Hurts the Poor and share your thoughts. Should sweatshops exist? Please be detailed in your post, using knowledge from our lecture and the article.  

2.Planet Money makes a T-Shirt which takes the simple t-shirt around the world. Jasmine, the worker from Bangladesh who is featured in the film, stresses that although she is working for low wages under poor conditions, she hopes this work remains. She tells us that the garment industry in Bangladesh is crucial to the workers' financial survival.

You are the head of the International Labor Organization. (ILO) What do you do?

Using the data from the previous question on LDL cholesterol, you decide to test if the variance in LDL cholesterol of patients admitted to the hospital with a heart attack is the same as that of those who have not (the control). You use the R function var.test and obtain the following output.

   F test to compare two variances

data:  ldl.ha and ldl.cont

F = 7.683, num df = 9, denom df = 15,
   p-value = 0.0006501

alternative hypothesis: true ratio of
variances is not equal to 1

95 percent confidence interval:

2.460444 28.960945

sample estimates:

ratio of variances

          7.683258

What is your decision and conclusion (with respect to variation in LDL cholesterol levels) from the above R test output assuming an alpha level of 0.05? AND how does this help us beyond this test of the variance?

Suppose that a certain authority is running a (publicly accessible) database of users’ public keys. Let us define the following procedure for revoking a public key from the database. When a user Alice claims that the secret key skA corresponding to his public key pkA was stolen, she sends to the authority the statement “Revoke Alice’s public key pkA” which is signed using skA . Upon receiving such the statement, the authority revokes pkA from the database. Explain why it is not necessary for the authority to check Alice’s identity in this case. In particular, explain why it is not a problem that an adversary who has stolen Alice’s secret key skA can forge signatures for this key. Hint: Consider the following two cases: 1) Alice’s secret key skA was not stolen; 2) Aice’s secret key skA was stolen.