There are as many human development theories as there are people in existence. Cross-cultural psychology focuses on the psychological aspects of other cultures. (Matsumoto, 2001) Some theories explain the cultural impact on human development, while others are broader and focus on the individual. Some human development theories view culture as an antecedent or consequence of individual behavior, as well as enabling or restricting this behavior. For example, the theories of Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky focus on the cultural influences of behavior, learning, and social development. Other human development theories, such as Piaget and Kohlberg’s, focus primarily on the internal cognitive processes. Consider the similarities and differences of these theoretical perspectives (Gardiner and Kosmitzki, 2010).

For this Discussion, review the definition of culture you developed in your first Discussion as well as those defined throughout this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how cultural and human development theories explain the influence of culture on an individual’s behavior and reflect on how these theories may be used in cross-cultural psychology. Select two contrasting theoretical approaches to cross-cultural psychology and consider the similarities and differences between these concepts. Support your responses using the Learning Resources and the current literature.

Discussion:

an identification of the two theoretical approaches to cross-cultural psychology you selected. Then, compare two similarities and two differences of those approaches. Finally, provide an example of how one of these theoretical approaches might explain the influences of culture on human behavior in one of the cultures you discussed in this week’s first Discussion. Support your responses using the Learning Resources and the current literature.

1. During the past several decade's significant progress has been made in our understanding of the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes.  Although the basic mechanisms of replication are similar to prokaryotes, significant differences are also apparent.  In contrast to prokaryotes where a single DNA directed DNA polymerase (pol III) catalyzes the formation of both leading and lagging strands, two distinct DNA directed DNA polymerases catalyze leading and lagging strand syntheses in eukaryotes. The features of these two replicates are listed below.

                              *depends on the source of the enzyme

a.  Describe/diagram what is meant by leading and lagging strands.  

b. Based on the information given above, which polymerase catalyzes the leading strand synthesis?  Which catalyzes lagging strand synthesis?   Which property or properties of the enzymes are relevant to your answer?  Why?  Explain in detail.

2. Sigma protein by itself cannot bind to promoters.  Predict the effect of a mutation enabling sigma to bind to the –10 region in the absence of other subunits of RNA polymerase.

1. This activity investigates the production of glucose on a small scale. The following analysis demonstrates what it would take to scale up the operation

a. The test stripes measure the concentration of glucose in solution in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). There are 100 mL per deciliter. Calculate how many milligrams of glucose are produced in 10 mL of solution if the test strip reads 1000 mg/dL. Hint: Be sure to use conversion factors and keep track of units.

b. Assume that the pretreatment process uses 0.5 g grass and 0.5 mL enzyme to generate 500 mg/dL of glucose in 10 mL of solution. How much grass and enzyme would you need to produce 5 g of glucose?

c. Calculate how much ethanol (in liters) would be produced from 5 g of glucose, assuming that you could distill 51.1 mg of ethanol made by yeast with 1 g of glucose. The density of ethanol is 0.789 g/L.

d. Fuels in the united states are generally expressed in gallon quantities. Calculate how many gallons of ethanol would be produced from 500 g of glucose. (1 L = 0.264 U.S. gallon)

fill in sentences from the following list below

ADP

AGAINST

ATP

ATP SYNTHASE

DOWN

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

ELECTRONS

ER

INNER

NADH

NADPH

OUTER

PHOTOSYSTEMS

PROTONS

RUBISCO

THYLAKOID

The light reactions of photosynthesis use light energy to manufacture two types of energy-rich molecules: _______ and the electron carrier ________. Photons are captured by protein complexes with embedded chlorophyll molecules and other pigments.  These complexes are known as ___________.  One of them absorbs light most efficiently at 680 nm, the other absorbs best at 700 nm. The complexes are inserted in the _______ membranes of chloroplasts. Absorbed light energy is directed to "special pairs" of chlorophyll molecules, dislodging  ___________ (protons/ electrons). These particles are then passed on to a series of four protein complexes and pigments, also arranged in the membrane. The series is collectively known as a(n) ________. As the particles are passed from one member of the series to the next, some of the energy they release is used to pump________ across the membrane, generating an electrochemical gradient. The ________ (protons/ electrons) diffuse back _____________ (against/ down) their gradient, passing through the enzyme ___________. The kinetic energy of the particle stream causes the enzyme to rotate at great speed, giving it the energy to phosphorylate molecules of _______________, producing the universal energy carrier ___________________.  

Background

Numerous studies have shown that the intracellular redox potential of the cell is important to cell growth. Cellular redox potential can be determined by the amounts of the reduced coenzyme NADPH, a principal product of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The investigators in the study presented here sought to demonstrate links between the activity of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, cellular NADPH concentrations, and rates of cell growth. Previous studies have shown that the glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme can be activated on the order of minutes or even seconds, possibly through the action of growth factors that release a bound, inactive G6PD to the cytosol, where, via a mechanism that might involve tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane-bound receptor, the unbound G6PD translocates to the cytosol and becomes active.

NADPH is important to the cell in a variety of ways. The reduced coenzyme can react with potential damaging oxidizing agents, ridding the cell of these agents before they can damage important cellular components.

Question

List general cellular mechanisms that would affect the activity of G6PD. Which of these mechanisms would result in long-term (on the order of minutes to hours) vs. short-term (minutes to seconds) regulation of the enzyme's activity?

1- Chemical bonds are broken and reformed in all chemical reactions. A reaction that results in the release of energy is referred to as

Select one:

a. Exergonic

b. Dangerous

c. Endergonic

d. Activation

e. Photosynthesis

2- In lab, catalase will be used to initiate a particular chemical reaction that breaks hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen gas. Which is the substrate in this reaction?

Select one:

a. Hydrogen

b. Catalase

c. Hydrogen peroxide

d. Water

e. Oxygen gas

3- The initial input of energy required to initiate any chemical reaction is called?

Select one:

a. Oxidation energy

b. Activation energy

c. Kinetic energy

d. Active site energy

e. Reduction energy

4- The part of an enzyme that a substrate recognizes and eventually binds to is called

Select one:

a. Cofactor

b. Active site

c. Pyruvate

d. Isomer

e. none of these

5- The synthesis of high energy glucose molecules from low energy molecules, carbon dioxide and water, requires a large input of solar energy and illustrates which type of reaction?

Select one:

a. Endergonic

b. Hypotonic

c. Hypertonic

d. Exergonic

e. none of these

6- True or false, the same enzyme can function in a wide range of conditions like temperature and pH.

Select one:

a. True

b. False

7- What are enzymes?

Select one:

a. Very specific biological catalysts

b. Molecules that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions in cells

c. Molecules that are not used up in a chemical reaction, can be reused

d. Most are proteins

e. All of the above

Question 8

What determines the function of an enzyme?

Select one:

a. Its unique three-dimensional structure

b. How heavy it is

c. What organism it came from

d. How old it is

e. None of these

Question 9

What is it called when a poison blocks the action of an enzyme on its substrate?

Select one:

a. Modality

b. Augmentation

c. Bonding

d. Upsetting

e. Competitive inhibition

Question 10

What is metabolism?

Select one:

a. Breakdown of substances to yield energy

b. Chemical processes within living cell or organism necessary for maintenance of life

c. Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

d. All of the above

11- What would you predict would be the optimal temperature of most enzymes that occur in humans?

Select one:

a. 45 degrees Fahrenheit

b. 32 degrees Fahrenheit

c. 58 degrees Fahrenheit

d. 73 degrees Fahrenheit

e. 98 degrees Fahrenheit

12- When you cook an egg the protein in the white of the egg changes appearance from a clear liquid to a white solid. What has happened to the egg protein?

Select one:

a. It is denatured

b. The shape of the protein is altered

c. Nothing, you can not affect an enzyme by heating it

d. Both A and B

13- Where is energy stored in living organisms?

Select one:

a. In blood

b. In the chemical bonds of biological molecules

c. In nerve tissue

d. Energy can not be stored

14- Which molecule is considered the most common short-term energy carrier molecule of cells?

Select one:

a. Catalase

b. Oxygen

c. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

d. Enzymes

e. Starch

15-

Which of the following is true according to the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Select one:

a. Energy conversions are 100% efficient

b. The potential energy of the final state will always be more than the potential energy of the initial state

c. The energy available to do useful work is less after energy is transformed

d. Energy can be created

e. Energy can be destroyed

16-

Which of the following statements about energy is false?

Select one:

a. Is the capacity to do work

b. Is stored in the bonds of molecules

c. Can be transformed

d. Is necessary for life

e. Can be created

17-

Why do many people develop intolerance to lactose (milk sugar) as they get older?

Select one:

a. They are worn out from digesting milk products all their lives

b. They no longer synthesize the enzyme that breaks down lactose

c. They lose their taste for milk products

d. A, B and C are all true

e. No one is intolerant to lactose- it is an urban myth

A physical therapist claims that one​ 600-milligram dose of Vitamin C will increase muscular endurance. The table available below shows the numbers of repetitions 1515 males made on a hand dynamometer​ (measures grip​ strength) until the grip strengths in three consecutive trials were​ 50% of their maximum grip strength. At α=0.01 is there enough evidence to support the ​ therapist's claim? Assume the samples are random and​ dependent, and the population is normally distributed.

1)Calculate sd (Round to one decimal place as​ needed.)

2)Calculate the test statistic (Round to one decimal place as​ needed.)

3)Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis and interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.

Describe the hierarchical approach to determining the DNA sequence of the human genome used by the Human Genome Project (HGP). Your answer should include descriptions of how physical maps were established and how BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) libraries facilitated sequencing? (Min 2 and a half pages)

Which of the dating techniques described in the text and websites are most useful for the study of human evolution, and why? Keep in mind that the time period for human evolution extends back 5 million years, with our species, Homo sapiens emerging about 200,000 years ago.

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How did the environmental factors play a critical role in causing the changes that occurred over the years within the human brain. Some of the environmental factors, such as climate change and the type of foods that people consume, can be considered to have a significant impact on the development of the human brain. can you explain ?