In this assignment students will demonstrate their understanding of the distribution of means doing all steps of hypothesis testing.
For each problem students will write out all steps of hypothesis testing including populations, hypotheses, cutoff scores, and all relevant calculations. Assignments will be typed and uploaded in a word document to blackboard.

1.A nationwide survey in 1995 revealed that U.S. grade-school children spend an average of µ = 8.4 hours per week doing homework. The distribution is normal with σ = 3.2. Last year, a sample of n = 100 grade-school children was given the same survey. For this sample, the mean number of homework hours was 7.1. Has there been a significant change in the homework habits of grade-school children? Test with α = .05.

2.On the basis of her newly developed technique, a student believes she can reduce the amount of time schizophrenics spend in an institution. As director of training at a nearby institution, you agree to let her try her method on 20 schizophrenics, randomly sampled from your institution. The mean duration that schizophrenics stay at your institution is 85 weeks, with a standard deviation of 15 weeks. The scores are normally distributed. The results of the experiment show that patients treated by the student stay at the institution a mean duration of 78 weeks. What do you conclude about the student’s technique? Use α = .05.

3.A psychologist has developed a standardized test for measuring the vocabulary skills of 4-year-old children. The scores on the test form a normal distribution with μ = 60 and σ = 10. A researcher would like to use this test to investigate the idea that children who grow up with no siblings develop vocabulary skills at a different rate than children in large families. A sample of n = 25 children is obtained, and the mean test score for this sample is 63. On the basis of this sample, can the researcher conclude that vocabulary skills for children with no siblings are significantly different from those of the general population? Test at the .01 level of significance.

4.The average age for licensed drivers in a county is 42.6, with a standard deviation of 12, and the distribution is approximately normal. A county police officer was interested in whether the average age of those receiving speeding tickets is less that the average age of the population who has a license. She obtained a sample of 16 drivers with speeding tickets. The average age for this sample was 34.4. Do all the steps of hypothesis testing using the 0.01 significance level.

1. What type of research design is used in this study (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudinal,

experimental, correlational, or naturalistic observation)? Is this

design appropriate?

2. What explanation do the researchers offer for their findings? Does this explanation

make sense based on the evidence?

3. Given the results of this study, why can’t the researchers draw a causal connection

between behavior disorders and temperament?

4. Can you think of an alternative explanation for the results of this study?

Critical Thinking Activity: Early Temperament Style and Later Adjustment Problems

Now that you have read and reviewed Chapter 7, take your learning a step further

by testing your critical thinking skills on this scientific reasoning exercise.

A study by Caspi and others (1995)* revealed that temperamental style in early

childhood might be linked to adjustment problems during adolescence. The study

involved a cohort of 1,037 children born between April 1, 1972, and March 31,

1973, in Dunedin, New Zealand.

At ages 3, 5, 7, and 9, the behavior of each child was rated in terms of 22

aspects of temperament, including emotional stability, restlessness, self-reliance,

persistence, negativism, passivity, shyness, self-confidence, emotional flatness,

and 13 other dimensions. To assess behavior problems in the sample, the

researchers relied on outcome data from teachers and parents who rated the children

at ages 9, 11, 13, and 15 on two widely used behavior problem checklists.

These checklists included subscales measuring anxiety/withdrawal, which represents

feelings of inferiority and failure; attention problems, which reflect difficulty

in concentration skills; conduct disorder, which reflects aggressiveness and

alienation; and socialized delinquency, which reflects norm-violating tendencies.

For both boys and girls, lack of control at ages 3 and 5 showed a significant

positive correlation wth teacher and parent reports of antisocial behavior and

conduct disorder at ages 9 and 11. In addition, boys and girls characterized as

lacking in control in early childhood were less likely to be rated in adolescence as

mature and confident.

The authors suggest several possible explanations for these intriguing results.

One is that certain temperamental characteristics in young children are actually

early, “subclinical” manifestations of more extreme behavior disorders. Whatever

the correct explanation, the results of this extensive study suggest that early temperament

may have remarkably specific predictive validity for the development of

behavior problems during adolescence.

Use Minitab to answer the questions. Make sure to copy all output from the Minitab:

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes a variety of unemployment statistics, including the number of individuals who are unemployed and the mean length of time the individuals have been unemployed. For November 1998, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the national mean length of time of unemployment was 14.5 weeks.

The mayor of Chicago has requested the study on the status of unemployment in City of Chicago. A sample of 60 unemployed residents shows the sample mean is 15.7 and the sample standard deviation is 9.0. Test whether the length of time in Chicago is long than national average.

1) Let's think about the house price. According to the Case-Shiller Home Price Indices in August 2009, Chicago and San Francisco have following sample mean and population standard deviations (the sample mean was calculated by daily base, so the sample size was 30):

Using hypothesis test, prove if these house price indices are same.  (Setup a hypothesis, show your works to perform the test, and state your verdict)

2)             Some people argue that San Francisco has higher house price than that of Chicago. Prove/disprove the argument using a hypothesis test.

3)             Let’s assume the population standard deviations are unknown, and the sample standard deviation of for Chicago is 9.2 and that of San Francisco is 11.5. Some people argue that San Francisco has higher variability (higher variance) in house prices than that of Chicago. Setup a hypothesis, perform the test and prove/disprove the argument.

4.     Let’s consider a company’s growth rate of sales.

Find the sample mean and sample standard deviation using Minitab using descriptive statistics.

The store manager found that the average growth rate in 80s was 6.00%. Using the data, prove if the average growth rate for the sample period was same as that of 80s.

Prove if the average growth rate was less than 6%.

The Arm & Hammer^® product—sodium bicarbonate—was introduced in the US in 1846 as “baking soda.” For the next 100 years, Arm & Hammer^® was a staple in the typical American home.

Church & Dwight Company, a publically traded company, is the parent company of the Arm & Hammer^® product line. Although originally used only for baking purposes, the company has leveraged the other key attributes of basic baking soda (cleaning and deodorizing benefits) into numerous applications.

The first Arm & Hammer^® detergent was introduced as early as 1970. In 1972, the product benefits expanded to use inside the refrigerator and freezer to eliminate odors. By 2005, the Arm & Hammer^® product line included laundry detergent, carpet deodorizers, Dental Care^® products, cat litter, Clear Balance^® pool maintenance tablets; and CleanShower^® for the bathroom.

In addition, line filling was accomplished through acquisitions of companies like USA Detergents, Carter-Wallace, Inc., and Orange Glo International. These acquired product lines allowed Arm & Hammer^® to expand their product line further into the personal care and household product segments.

In 1995, Church & Dwight Co., Inc. reported annual sales of $600 million. Their 2007 annual report reflects annual sales of $2.22 billion—40% of which is generated by Arm & Hammer products. Church & Dwight Company divides their product lines into three segments: consumer domestic, consumer international, and special product division (B2B). In 2007, consumer domestic (of which Arm & Hammer^® is the major player) generated 71% of total revenues. Wal-Mart, Arm & Hammer’s^® leading retailer, produced 22% of total consumer domestic revenues.

Level 1: Qualitative Questions

1.   What is the core benefit of Arm & Hammer^® products?

2.   Would you consider Arm & Hammer^® to have a “full-line product strategy?”

3.   Would you consider Arm & Hammer products to be in direct competition with those offered by Proctor & Gamble? Why?

Level 2: Quantitative Questions

1.         In dollars, how important is the Wal-Mart relationship to the Arm & Hammer^® segment of Church & Dwight’s annual sales?

2.         Some marketing gurus warn that line expansions can dilute the brand. Do you feel this should be a concern for Arm & Hammer?

Problem:

You will write a program to compute some statistics based on monthly average temperatures for a given month in each of the years 1901 to 2016. The data for the average August temperatures in the US has been downloaded from the Climate Change Knowledge Portal, and placed in a file named “tempAugData.txt”, available on the class website. The file contains a sequence of 116 values. The temperatures are in order, so that the first one is for 1901, the second is for 1902, and so on through 2016.

The statistics you should compute in your program are:

• The average of the monthly average temperatures for the entire time period.

• The number of years that the monthly average reached at least X degrees where X is a value input from the user. These years should also be displayed to the screen.

• The maximum monthly average temperature for the time period and in what year it occurred.

• The minimum monthly average temperature for the time period and in what year it occurred.

Input: Your program should ask the user for the name of the file, and then open that file for input. It should then ask the user for a boundary temperature (the X in the second bullet above) that is used to calculate some of the statistics. Processing: Compute the statistics requested above.

Output: Display the statistics, labeled, and with the temperatures formatted to 1 decimal place. Also output the count of the years above X before outputting the list of the years.

Sample output:

Please enter the name of the temperature data file: tempAugData.txt Please enter the boundary temperature: 68.0

Climate Data statistics: Average temperature: 66.2

Years that averaged at least 68.0 degrees: 7 1936 1995 2003 2007 2010 2011 2016

Maximum average temperature: 68.9 occurred in 2007

Minimum average temperature: 63.9 occurred in 1927

Additional Requirements:

• Your program must compile and run, otherwise you will receive a 0.

• Your program should test for file open errors.

• I recommend temporarily echoing the input from the file to the screen (using cout) to be sure you are reading the input correctly into your array.

• You should have many separate loops in your program. Do not try to compute everything in one single loop.

• For partial credit, implement some subset of the features completely. This will probably lead to a better score than implementing every feature poorly

USING ARRAYS.

Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 13,000 stores, more than 3,750 of which are to be found in 38 foreign countries. The strategy of its owner was to sell to the company’s own premium roasted coffee and freshly brewed espresso-style coffee beverages, along with a variety of pastries, coffee accessories, teas and other products, in a tastefully designed coffeehouse setting.

In 1995, with 700 stores the United States, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. Its first target market was Japan. Although Starbucks had resisted a franchising strategy in North America, where its stores are company owned, Starbucks initially decided to license its format in Japan. However, the company also realized that a pure licensing agreement would not give it the control needed to ensure that the Japanese licenses’ closely followed Starbucks’ successful formula.

So the company established a joint venture with a local retailer, Sazaby Inc. Each company held a 50% stake in the venture, Starbucks Coffee of Japan. Starbucks initially invested $10 million in this venture, its first foreign direct investment. The Starbucks format was then licensed to the venture, which was charged with taking over responsibility for growing Starbucks’ presence in Japan.

After Japan, the company embarked on an aggressive foreign investment program. In 1998, it purchased Seattle Coffee, a British coffee chain with 60 retail stores, for $84 million. In Asia, Starbucks’ most common strategy was to license its format to a local operator in return for initial licensing fees and royalties on store revenues.

In 2006, Starbucks announced that it believed there was the potential for up to 15, 000 stores outside of the United States, with major opportunities in China, which the company now views as the largest single market opportunity outside of the United States. Currently the company only has 350 stores in China.

1. What could be the main reason that triggered Starbucks to pursue FDI in Britain? .

2. Starbucks decided to pursue international investment through licensing, what would be the cause of that? .

3. Assess the reasons why Starbucks chose to embark on a foreign market expansion strategy outside of the USA.

4. In your opinion what type of international business activity should have Starbucks used? Explain your answer.

QUESTIONS POSTED BELOW, BASED ON THIS CASE STUDY:

"Case Studies for Part III The Four Zones of Social Media: Case Study 5—Native Advertising: Novel or Deceptive?

Jennifer Zarzosa, Henderson State University and Sarah Fischbach, California Lutheran University Lisa attentively pays attention to the posts her network of friends and family have posted today on Facebook. After all, this is the best way of getting her news and connecting with what’s going on in the world. In fact, Lisa usually only gets her news from Facebook and Twitter anyways. She always makes sure to stay connected with her favorite brands and publishers. Lisa loves when she gets live updates—it makes her feel like an insider. Today’s feed features the usual content: cute dog videos, funny memes, happy birthday wishes, inspirational quotes, vacation pictures, and how-to-cook videos. As Lisa scrolls down her Facebook feed, she watches a cute dog video (of course), shares the funny meme, comments “Happy b-day!” and loves the inspirational quote. Then, Lisa comes across a suggested post by The Gap. Lisa notices her friends Amanda and Marc both like The Gap. The post features the top five fashion trends for the summer. The post has many likes, loves, wows, and even angry faces as well as comments and shares. Eager for more information, she clicks the “learn more” button. Lisa loves the styles she sees on the landing page and adds a pair of denim jeans and a bright yellow crop top to her cart and checks out shortly. Online advertising has come a long way since the early days when banners, pop-ups, and pop-unders were the prominent form of online advertising. Critics argue banner ads cause wear-out and banner blindness while pop-ups and pop-under ads are usually blocked. Critics claim this type of online advertising is intrusive and therefore ineffective. Consumers have become mobile first, decreasing the use of desktops, which makes desktop online advertising formats obsolete. In response, advertisers have developed new ways to engage with consumers and facilitate interaction. Native advertising blends organic and commercial content seamlessly in order to break through the clutter. According to the Federal Trade Commission, native advertising—sometimes called sponsored content—is the practice of blending advertisements with news, entertainment, and other content in digital media. It refers to advertisements that more closely resemble the content in which they are embedded. Native advertising represents more than a third of its advertising revenue for many publishers. Advocates of native advertising maintain consumers have been conditioned to ignore traditional online advertising. Therefore, advertisers can use native ads to better engage the reader by mixing commercial content with organic content creatively. Social media in-feed ads have distinct benefits over traditional online advertising. Many times in-feed ads have engagement markers (e.g. comments, likes, loves), blend well with organic content, and are endorsed by those in one’s network through online word-of-mouth; all of which increase the likelihood of engagement. As a result, publishers also benefit by receiving more advertising revenue. Social media in-feed ads such as Facebook-sponsored posts and Twitter-promoted tweets comprise about 39% of native advertising. Additionally, publishers such as Forbes, The New Yorker, Fast Company, and The Atlantic use advertorials or branded content, another form of native advertising. Critics of native advertising contend consumers cannot identify native advertising as advertising clearly. While social media in-feed ads are effective, in that they blend well with organic content, it is unclear whether consumers can recognize the in-feed ad as an advertisement with commercial intent. Therefore, native advertising could be a form of deceptive advertising. Is the in-feed ad novel or deceptive? The FTC recommends clear and prominent advertising disclosures using visual cues such as shading and borders, and text labels that are explicit, large, and visible to avoid deceptive advertising. Despite this, there is no consensus on disclosure language and visual cues to signal native advertising for publishers. Consequently, publishers use different disclosure language varying in ambiguity—sponsored, suggested, promoted, branded content, and presented. When consumers are unable to recognize native ads, opponents of native advertising claim it violates trust between the reader and the publisher. Historically, there has been a divide between editorial and advertising content. The line is now blurred."

1. How would you classify social media in-feed ads?

2. How are social media in feed ads different from display ads and organic social ads

3. Why is lisa more likely to click on the call to action for a social media in feed ad than a display ad

4. Do you think lisa noticed the facebook suggested post by the gap was a native ad? why? if she did, do you think she thought it was deceptive?

5. Based on your own experiences with native advertising, how do you believe native advertising should be regulated?

6. Imagine you are creating disclosure language standards. Describe how you would create the disclosure language standards in terms of visual cues and text labels

River Rosewell is a professional rower who has just been accepted into the USA athlete in residence program at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs. He has been team rowing since the age of 11. He attended Harvard University on a rowing scholarship is now 21 years old. He has spent the last year after graduation (graduated with a BS degree in Business) pursuing his dream of making it on to the USA rowing team for the single skulls event (heavyweight).
The typical length of a single skulls race is 2 kilometers. He rowed a practice event at the same course he is going to open the season at and had an average (average of two race runs) of 7.01 minutes. This placed him 12th out a field of 30 international qualifiers. This was good enough to qualify him for the actual rowing event event held 12 weeks later.
Assume that the “actual” race will be carried out under very similar weather conditions.
He has worked with a personal trainer for the last year, working on improving his basic strength, strength endurance, power and mobility, and is ready for more “sport specific training” as he approaches skulling circuit.   
Listed below are some of his current anthropometric and performance based characteristics

Physical Characteristics
Height 6”2
Weight 195lb
% Body Fat 11%
1RM Back Squat 330lb
1RM Power clean 260lb
1RM Bench press 280lb
Deadlift 450lb
CMVJ height (hands on hips) 27.0 inches
Can perform 20 bodyweight pull ups
Rowing ergometer, based incremental Vo2max 59ml.kg.min

Question: Design a battery of tests that will test Rivers strength, strength endurance, power, power endurance, anaerobic and aerobic capacity and sport specific preparedness for the upcoming rowing event. Please justify why such tests were selected and were they will be placed in relation to the training program.

“Promoting Social Change and Responsibility at Corporate Level -A Socially Conscious Management& CSR as Part of Public Relations-”

The Situation

You work in a large corporation (over 5,000 employees) as Head of Marketing Initiatives. You need to direct your superior’s attention to becoming a more socially conscious corporation. The concept you desire is somewhat similar to HP’s entrepreneurial attempt toward employees’ volunteerism; “HP’s generous volunteer policy allows and encourages employees to leverage their 4 hours of paid volunteer time per month to give back to causes and charities that they are passionate about” (HP Website, 2020).

Managing Change Challenges

Bear in mind that many employees and even managers may be against the change and are resisting any additional work out of their comfort zone. You have to make the case for managers in the proposal about how the benefits will outcome the monetary loss from the 4 paid volunteering hours including the company’s reputation, PR positive impact,measuring ROI if applicable, etc.).

Requirements

Develop a project proposal (directed to senior managers), an internal marketing campaign (directed to employees) and a marketing communications message for PR purposes (directed externally to shareholders, customers and the general public).

1. Upper Management Proposal- Your proposal must be convincing, presenting the highlight of your research in an executive summary, an implementation plan and an assessment of the benefits and ROI. The proposal will be delivered in two forms:
2. Internal Communications-Your presentation must be convincing and persuasive. You need to briefly explain the implementation plan and present the personal and overall benefits from this CSR attempt (how pros will outweigh cons, etc.). The proposal will be delivered in one form
3. External Communications-Your marketing message must be convincing and persuasive. You need to communicate the volunteering attempt as a CSR in the eyes of external shareholders, customers and the public. You will select a communication tool (social media, news, press conference, etc.) to reflect the message