In: Finance
In: Finance
For a regression of test score (T) on the endogenous variable student-teacher ratio (R), Hoxby (2000) suggests using as an instrument the deviation of potential enrollment from its long-term trend (P), where "potential enrollment" means how many children of kindergarten age there are (whether or not they attend public school). Which of the following arguments would NOT support P as an instrument for R?
| a. | Due to high adjustment costs of buildings and teachers and the small/discrete number of classrooms per school, schools cannot perfectly adjust each year to maintain a target student-teacher ratio |
| b. | Parents with young children are more likely to move into good school districts with low student-teacher ratio |
| c. | There are fluctuations in birth rate due to sheer random chance |
| d. | Changes in school district quality are slow and contribute to the long-term enrollment trend, but not deviations from the trend |
PLEASE PROVIDE EXPLANATION IN ANSWER
In: Statistics and Probability
|
In a large midwestern university (the class of entering freshmen is 6000 or more students), an SRS of 100 entering freshmen in 1999 found that 20 finished in the bottom third of their high school class. Admission standards at the university were tightened in 2000. In 2001, an SRS of 100 entering freshmen found that 10 finished in the bottom third of their high school class. Let p1 and p2 be the proportion of all entering freshmen in 1999 and 2001, respectively, who graduated in the bottom third of their high school class.Is there evidence that the proportion of freshmen who graduated in the bottom third of their high school class in 2001 has been reduced, as a result of the tougher admission standards adopted in 2000, compared with the proportion in 1999? To determine this, you test the hypotheses H0: p1 = p2, Ha: p1 > p2. What conclusion should we make if we test at the 0.05 level of significance? |
|||
|
A. We reject the null hypothesis B. We fail to reject the null hypothesis |
|
In: Statistics and Probability
2. A researcher wishes to determine whether there is a
difference in the average age of elementary school, high school,
and community college teachers. Teachers are randomly selected from
each group. Their ages are recorded below. Test the claim that at
least one mean is different from the others. Use α = 0.01.
Resource: The One-Way ANOVA
|
|
Elementary School Teachers |
High School Teachers |
Community College Teachers |
|
23 |
41 |
39 |
In: Math
EVERY ANSWER POSTED HAD SOME WRONG THINGS
A report says that 82% of British Columbians over the age of 25 are high school graduates. A survey of randomly selected British Columbians included 1290 who were over the age of 25, and 1135 of them were high school graduates. Does the city’s survey result provide sufficient evidence to contradict the reported value, 82%?
Part i) What is the parameter of
interest?
A. All British Columbians aged above 25.
B. The proportion of all British Columbians (aged
above 25) who are high school graduates.
C. The proportion of 1290 British Columbians (aged
above 25) who are high school graduates.
D. Whether a British Columbian is a high school
graduate.
Part ii) Let p be the population proportion of
British Columbians aged above 25 who are high school graduates.
What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
A. Null: p=0.82. Alternative: p=0.88.
B. Null: p=0.88. Alternative: p≠0.88.
C. Null: p=0.82. Alternative: p≠0.82.
D. Null: p=0.88. Alternative: p>0.88.
E. Null: p=0.88. Alternative: p≠0.82.
F. Null: p=0.82. Alternative: p>0.82.
Part iii) The P-value is less than 0.0001.
Using all the information available to you, which of the following
is/are correct? (check all that apply)
A. The observed proportion of British Columbians
who are high school graduates is unusually low if the reported
value 82% is incorrect.
B. The observed proportion of British Columbians
who are high school graduates is unusually high if the reported
value 82% is incorrect.
C. Assuming the reported value 82% is incorrect,
it is nearly impossible that in a random sample of 1290 British
Columbians aged above 25, 1135 or more are high school
graduates.
D. The observed proportion of British Columbians
who are high school graduates is unusually low if the reported
value 82% is correct.
E. The observed proportion of British Columbians
who are high school graduates is unusually high if the reported
value 82% is correct.
F. The reported value 82% must be false.
G. Assuming the reported value 82% is correct, it
is nearly impossible that in a random sample of 1290 British
Columbians aged above 25, 1135 or more are high school
graduates.
Part iv) What is an appropriate conclusion for
the hypothesis test at the 5% significance level?
A. There is sufficient evidence to contradict the
reported value 82%.
B. There is insufficient evidence to contradict
the reported value 82%.
C. There is a 5% probability that the reported
value 82% is true.
D. Both A. and C.
E. Both B. and C.
Part v) Which of the following scenarios
describe the Type II error of the test?
A. The data suggest that reported value is
incorrect when in fact the value is incorrect.
B. The data suggest that reported value is correct
when in fact the value is incorrect.
C. The data suggest that reported value is
incorrect when in fact the value is correct.
D. The data suggest that reported value is correct
when in fact the value is correct.
Part vi) Based on the result of the hypothesis
test, which of the following types of errors are we in a position
of committing?
A. Type I error only.
B. Type II error only.
C. Neither Type I nor Type II errors.
D. Both Type I and Type II errors.
In: Statistics and Probability
In: Advanced Math
In each scenario below, specify each variable as a response variable, an explanatory variable, or neither. Explain your choices.
a. A climatologist wishes to predict future monthly rainfall in Los Angeles. To inform his predictive model, for each month of the past 30 years, he records the name of the month (Jan.-Dec.), total rainfall (mm), and the Oceanic Niño Index (a measure of sea surface temperature differences, in ºC).
b. A researcher conducts an experiment in a residence for senior citizens to investigate the effect of floor type on the risk of fall-related injury. For each individual in the facility, she records the type of flooring (either standard flooring or a new, rubber flooring that absorbs the impact of falls) in their room, their age, and the number of fall-related injuries that they sustained over the previous two years. my question : are the age and the number of fall related injuries over the previous two year also the explanatory variables?
c. A medical researcher studies a group of boys, recording the age at which they reach puberty (years) and their BMI (kg/m2) at that time. Her goal is to quantify the association between these two variables.
My answer: is this correct?
a. Explanatory variable : records the name of the month (Jan.-Dec.), the Oceanic Niño Index (a measure of sea surface temperature differences, in ºC)
Response variable: total rainfall (mm),
b.Explanatory variable: the type of flooring (either standard flooring or a new, rubber flooring that absorbs the impact of falls) in their room, their age, the number of fall-related injuries that they sustained over the previous two years.
c. Neither: the age at which they reach puberty (years) and their BMI (kg/m2) at that time
In: Statistics and Probability
Central County includes five townships (Nixon, Reagan, Davis, greasy Creek and Navaho) and one city (Booneville). It is served by two independent school districts: Seagram United Schools (Davis and greasy Creek Townships) and Clinton Consolidated Schools (Nixon, Reagan and Navaho townships). Each government in the county levies a property tax to finance its activities, although Booneville has also enacted a local earned income tax (it is expected to yield $750,000 in the next year). Property tax rates are applied to assessed value, defined to equal 50 percent of fair cash value. Local unit tax rates fully overlap.
The County assessor reports the following fair cash values for units within the county:
|
Nixon Township |
$69,535,000 |
|
Reagan Township |
$35,000,000 |
|
Davis Township |
$23,720,000 |
|
Greasy Creek Township |
$15,922,000 |
|
Navaho Township |
$27,291,000 |
|
Booneville (Davis Township) |
$88,450,000 |
|
Booneville (Greasy Creek Township |
$75,392,000 |
The township value data for the area outside of any city or town that resides in the township. Values within a city must be added to obtain the township total.
The following presents the amounts that each taxing unit has budged to spend in the next year:
|
Central County |
$3,428,000 |
|
Booneville City |
$4,539,000 |
|
Nixon Township |
$99,00 |
|
Reagan Township |
$150,000 |
|
Davis Township |
$250,000 |
|
Greasy Creek Township |
$175,000 |
|
Navaho Township |
$83,000 |
|
Seagram United Schools |
$6,350,000 |
|
Clinton Consolidated Schools |
$3,800,000 |
There are 1,800 students in Seagram United Schools and 600 students in Clinton Consolidated Schools. How many dollars per pupil would a tax rate of $1 per $100 of assessed value yield in each district? Explain the significance of this comparison.
In: Finance
QUESTION a: is from Fiscal Administration 10 edition by John L. Mikesell
Set the property tax rate for each taxing unit. Report each rate in dollars per $100 of assessed value.
Central County includes five townships (Nixon, Reagan, Davis, Greasy Creek, Navaho) and one city (Booneville). It is served by two independent school districts: Seagram United (Davis and Greasy Creek Townships) and Yeltsin Consolidated Schools (Nixon, Reagan, and Navaho Townships). Each government in the county levies a property tax to finance its activities, although Booneville has also enacted a local earned income tax (it is expected to yield $750,000 in the next year). Property tax rates are applied to assessed value, defined to equal 50 percent fair cash value. Local unit tax rates fully overlap. The county assessor reports the following fair cash values for units within the county:
Nixon Township $69,535,000
Reagan Township $35,000,000
Davis Township $23,720,000
Greasy Creek Township $15,922,000
Navaho Township $27,291,000
Booneville (Davis Township) $88,450,000
Booneville (Greasy Creek Township) $75,392,000
The township value data are for the area outside of any city or town that resides in the township. Values within a city must be added to obtain the township total. Planned Expenditure by Taxing Units The following presents the amounts that each taxing unit has budgeted to spend in the next year:
Central County $3,428,000
Booneville City $4,539,000
Nixon Township $ 99,000
Reagan Township $ 150,000
Davis Township $ 250,000
Greasy Creek Township $ 175,000
Navaho Township $ 83,000
Seagram United Schools $6,350,000
Clinton Consolidated Schools $3,800,000
In: Operations Management