Answer only.

1. In the reaction of adding a phosphate group from ATP to glucose, the free energy from hydrolysis of ATP is need to drive the phosphorylation of glucose. The free energy released from the coupled reaction is -4.0 kcal/mol. Which of the following statement is not correct?

a) this reaction does not require any enzyme

b) this reaction does not occur at a detectable rate when the temperature is at -20˚

c) The equilibrium of the reaction is favored to form glucose-6-phosphate

d) At equilibrium the temperature of the reaction mixture is slightly higher than before the reaction occurs

2. Which of the following is NOT a role of the anaplerotic reaction of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle in cancer metabolism?

a) Generation of heme for the synthesis of cytochromes

b) Synthesis of amino acids for making proteins

c) Generation of citrate for fatty acid synthesis

d) Generation of glucose for glycolysis

3. After the hydrolysis of sucrose into individual monosaccharides, what is the change in sweetness?

a) Remain the same

b) Sweeter

c) Less sweet

d) As sweet as lactose

4. What is the free energy released or absorbed if the reaction has a K_eq = 1 at 25˚C

a) 32.3 kJ/mol

b) 0 J/mol

c) -1.44 kJ/mol

d) -2478 J/mol

5. Give that the gas constant is 8.315 Jmol^-1 K^-1, the equilibrium constant corresponding to a free energy of -26.5 kJ per mole at 25 ˚C is:

a) 2.369 x 10¹

b) 2.25 x 10³

c) 2.38 x 10^-5

d) 4.41 x 10⁴

6. why is B-D-glucopyranose the most abundant among all other forms such as the linear form and the furanose forms of glucose?

a) Putting 5 atoms in the furan ring is energetically favorable

b) B-configuration of the hydroxyl group of carbon atom 1 has the least steric hindrance

c) a-configuration of the hydroxyl group of carbon atom 1 has the least steric hindrance

d) Putting 6 atoms in the pyranose ring is energetically unfavorable

7. Which of the following can explain why a soup of 20 different free amino acids coming from the hydrolysis of a pure pyruvate kinase the hydrolysis of a pure pyruvate kinase solution is almost impossible to build up into a functional enzyme by linking these amino acids together by chance?

a) The enthalpy involved is too high to be gained form the environment

b) the temperature is not high enough to allow linking up

c) the decrease in entropy is too high

d) Building up of the enzyme requires a specific template to link up in a specific sequence

8. In the reaction of converting fructose -6- phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, which of the following is NOT true?

a) the free energy change is highly negative

b) the concentration of ADP at the equilibrium of the reaction is very low

c) The extra phosphate group on fructose-6-bisphosphate comes from ATP

d) The entropy does not increase after the reaction

9. Which of the following best describes the type of reaction catalyzed by a dehydrogenase?

a) Deprotonation

b) Esterification

C) Hydrolysis

d) Oxidation-reduction

10. Which of the following is NOT a reason why carbon is the most important element in building up of biomolecules

a) Possession of various functional group

b) carbon can form bonds with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms

c)carbon can link with other atoms with very strong triple bonds

d) carbon can form bonds with 1 to 4 atoms

11. During tumor growth, which of the following does not happen

a) Induction of hypoxia inducible factor

b) Increase in the levels of glycolytic enzymes

c) Increase in the consumption of glucose

d) Decrease in blood capillary appearing on the tumor

12. Why is the TCA cycle central pathway of metabolism of the cell?

a) It occurs in the center of the cell

b) Its intermediates are commonly used by other metabolic reaction

c) All other metabolic pathways depend upon it

d) None of the above

13. Which of the following signaling pathways does not involve a nucleotide?

a) G protein-coupled receptor

b) Second messenger generated by adenylyl cyclase

c) Receptor tyrosine kinase

d) None of the above

14. The synthesis of heme requires:

a) An amino acid and a product from the citric acid cycle

b) An amino acid and a product from the urea cycle

c) A fatty acid and a product from the urea cycle

d) None of the above

15. Which of the follow descriptions about K_d is correct for binding of O² to the T or R state of hemoglobin?

a) K_d of T state > K_d of R state

a) K_d of T state < K_d of R state

a) K_d of T state = K_d of R state

d) A and B could both be correct

16.Which of the following modifications is normally not present in proteins?

a) Polysaccharide conjugation

b) Lipid conjugation

c) Polyadenylation

d) Phosphorylation

The peptides and amino acids experiment relied on TLC and other qualitative tests. Why were IR or NMR spectroscopy not an option for analysis?..

If a polypeptide is composed of 319 amino acids, how many nucleotides were in the mRNA transcript for the polypeptide? Show your work (math).

Why is the Ramachandran Plot for Glycine symmetric and why is the plot asymmetric for all amino acids except (glycine, proline, pre-proline)?

For each tissue discussed in the chapter (liver, intestine, kidney, muscle and brain), list and discuss the amino acids that are physiologically relevant for that tissue.

Briefly describe how each of the following groups of molecules is produced in cells; polysaccharides, lipids, amino acids, proteins, purines/pyrimidines

A sequence of DNA reads: 5’ TCT GGC AAT CGC TAT 3’

1.What is the sequence of nucleotides on the complementary strand of DNA?

2.Which strand of DNA serves as the template strand – 5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’?

3.List the sequence of codons that result from the transcription of this DNA

4.What is the sequence of amino acids encoded by this DNA (Refer to the chart on the next page)?

5.How would the sequence of amino acids change if the first triplet of DNA read 5’ ACT 3’ instead of ‘5 TCT 3’?

1)Vitamin A and pro-vitamin A are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms and do not have any amino acids. If scientists want to genetically engineer a plant to make pro-vitamin A, what type of gene or genes would the scientists need to insert in the plant cells? Would they insert a gene that codes for pro-vitamin A? If not, what type of molecule would the gene or genes have to code for? Explain your reasoning.

2)Scientists have identified genes for two enzymes needed to make pro-vitamin A. One of these genes comes from corn. If this gene from a corn plant is inserted in the DNA of a rice plant, will the sequence of amino acids in the protein produced by the rice plant be the same as the sequence of amino acids in the protein produced by the corn plant? In other words, will rice plants that have this gene produce the same enzyme as corn plants produce? Explain why or why not.

3)Once scientists have identified the genes for enzymes to produce provitamin A, how could they insert these genes in the DNA of rice plant cells? Suggest one possibility.

4)Would you recommend that scientists try to insert the genes for enzymes to produce pro-vitamin A into:

a. all the cells in a rice plant

b. the thousands of cells in each rice grain or

c. a small group of embryonic rice plant cells that can divide and develop into a rice plant?

Explain your reasoning.

5) To insert genes from one organism into a different organism, scientists often take advantage of the natural genetic engineering capabilities of bacteria or viruses. One type of bacteria genetically engineers plant cells by inserting part of its bacterial DNA into the plant cell DNA, thus producing recombinant DNA. The inserted bacterial genes code for proteins that:

• stimulate the genetically engineered plant cells to produce food molecules that only the bacteria can use
• stimulate these genetically engineered plant cells to divide and form a growth that bulges out from the stem or root.

Explain how this type of genetic engineering is useful for the bacterium.