Using the demographic information in the table below, consider the following scenario: A teacher chooses a student to dim the lights and a student to shut the door. If a student may do both jobs, determine the following probabilities.

a. P(Both are girls)

b. P(one is a girl and one is a boy)

c. P(at least one is a boy)

       i. Find the probability using cases

      ii. Next, calculate the probability using the complement rule.

d. P (The door closer is a boy)

e. P(neither are seniors)

e. Neither are seniors?

f. Neither are education majors?

Agents of socialization teach us ways that we should act and think about ourselves, but they also teach us how we should think about and act toward others. What kinds of messages did you receive from different agents of socialization about gender? What did you learn about boys and girls and from where did you learn these messages? What about race? What kinds of messages did you receive about white people? Black people? Asian? Hispanic?

a) A researcher was interested in whether the female students who enrolled in her stats course were more interested in the topic than the males. The researcher obtained a random sample of 8 male and 8 female students and gathered their scores on an Interest in Statistical Topics (IST) Survey.

Girls’ IST scores: 21, 37, 22, 20, 22, 20, 22, 21

Boys’ IST scores: 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 20, 23, 21

Test the researcher’s hypothesis using α =.05

2. Since the 1990s, enrollment in graduate school as a percent of the working-age population has tended to increase during recessions. why might people become more likely to pursue graduate degrees during times when the overall economy is doing poorly?

   Since the 1990s, enrollment in graduate school as a percent of the working-age population has tended to increase during recessions. Using some of the ideas discussed in this week’s Part why might people become more likely to pursue graduate degrees during times when the ov

A survey of high school girls classified them by two attributes: whether or not they participated in sports and whether or not they had one or more older brothers.

1. Use the following data to test the null hypothesis that these two attributes of classification are independent.
2. Suppose we do the below hypothesis test instead:

where,

p1-Propotion of young girls participated in sports of those who has a brother

p2-Propotion of young girls participated in sports of those who does not have a brother.

What would be the test statistic and the p value for this test?

A study was performed among 40 boys in a school in Edinburgh to look at the presence of spermatozoa in urine samples according to age [15]. The boys entered the study at 8−11 years of age and left the study at 12−18 years of age. A 24-hour urine sample was supplied every 3 months by each boy. Table 10.28 gives the presence or absence of sperm cells in the urine samples for each boy together with the ages at entrance and exit of the study and the age at the first sperm-positive urine sample. For all parts of this question, exclude boys who exited this study without 1 sperm-positive urine sample (i.e., boys 8, 9, 14, 25, 28, 29, 30). 10.47 Provide a stem-and-leaf plot of the age at first sperm-positive urine specimen. *10.48 If we assume that all boys have no sperm cells at age 11 (11.0 years) and all have sperm cells at age 18, then estimate the probability of first developing sperm cells at ages 12 (i.e., between 12.0 and 12.9 years), 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17. *10.49 Suppose mean age at spermatogenesis = 13.67 years, with standard deviation = 0.89 years and we assume that the age at spermatogenesis follows a normal distribution. The pediatrician would like to know what is the earliest age (in months) before which 95% of boys experience spermatogenesis because he or she would like to refer boys who haven’t experienced spermatogenesis by this age to a specialist for further follow-up. Can you estimate this age from the information provided in this part of the problem? *10.50 Suppose we are uncertain whether a normal distribution provides a good fit to the distribution of age at spermatogenesis. Answer this question using the results from Problems 10.47−10.49. (Assume that the large-sample method discussed in this chapter is applicable to these data.)

Age at
Boy Entrance First positive Exit Observations
1 10.3 13.4 16.7 − − − − − − − − − − + + − − − − + + + − − 2 10.0 12.1 17.0 − − − − − − − − + − − + + − + − − + − + − − − − − + + 3 9.8 12.1 16.4 − − − − − − − − + − + + − + + + + + + − − + + − + 4 10.6 13.5 17.7 − − − − − − − − − − − + + − − − + − − − − 5 9.3 12.5 16.3 − − − − − − − − − − − − + + − − − − + − − − − − − − − 6 9.2 13.9 16.2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − − − − − − 7 9.6 15.1 16.7 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − − + 8 9.2 — 12.2 − − − − − − − − − − − − 9 9.7 — 12.1 − − − − − − − − − 10 9.6 12.7 16.4 − − − − − − − − − − − − + − + + + + + − − + + − + 11 9.6 12.5 16.7 − − − − − − − − − − + − − + − + − − + + + 12 9.3 15.7 16.0 − − − − − −− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + + 14 9.6 — 12.0 − − − − − − − − − 16 9.4 12.6 13.1 − − − − − − − − − − + + + + 17 10.5 12.6 17.5 − − − − − − − + − + + + + + + + + − − + − − + + 18 10.5 13.5 14.1 − − − − − − − − − − + − − 19 9.9 14.3 16.8 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − − − − + − + 20 9.3 15.3 16.2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + + + 21 10.4 13.5 17.3 − − − − − − − − + + − + − + + − + − + + + 22 9.8 12.9 16.7 − − − − − − − − − − − + + + + − + + + + − + + − + − − 23 10.8 14.2 17.3 − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − + + + − + 24 10.9 13.3 17.8 − − − − − − − − + + + + − + + + + + − + + − − 25 10.6 — 13.8 − − − − − − − − − − − 26 10.6 14.3 16.3 − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − − + − − − 27 10.5 12.9 17.4 − − − − − − − − + − + + + + − − − + + − − + + + + 28 11.0 — 12.4 − − − − − − 29 8.7 — 12.3 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 30 10.9 — 14.5 − − − − − − − − − − − − − 31 11.0 14.6 17.5 − − − − − − − − − − − − + + + + + + + + + + − + 32 10.8 14.1 17.6 − − − − − − − − − − − + + − − + − − − − − − 33 11.3 14.4 18.2 − − − − − − − − − − − + + − + + − − + − − − − − 34 11.4 13.8 18.3 − − − − − − − + − − − + − − − + + + − − + − + 35 11.3 13.7 17.8 − − − − − − − + + + − + − − − + + + − + + 36 11.2 13.5 15.7 − − − − − − − − − + − − − − − − − − 37 11.3 14.5 16.3 − − − − − − − − − − − + − + + − − − 38 11.2 14.3 17.2 − − − − − − − − − − − + − − + − + + + + + + − 39 11.6 13.9 14.7 − − − − − + − − − 40 11.8 14.1 17.9 − − − − + − + − + − + + + + − − − − 41 11.4 13.3 18.2 − − − − + + + − + − − − − − + + + + + − − 42 11.5 14.0 17.9 − − − − − − − + + − − − − − − − + + − + −

a) A researcher wants to test if boys spend more time playing sports on average than girls. Data is collected, resulting in the table below. It is known that the times for sports have a normal distribution in general.

Compute the test statistic that is corresponding to the test in the question 9.

Round your answer to two decimal digits.

b)

Let the significance level be 0.05.

Can we reject the null hypothesis?

If we can, choose TRUE, and if not, choose FALSE

A researcher was interested in whether the female students who enrolled in her stats course were more interested in the topic than the males. The researcher obtained a random sample of 8 male and 8 female students and gathered their scores on an Interest in Statistical Topics (IST) Survey.

Girls’ IST scores: 21, 37, 22, 20, 22, 20, 22, 21

Boys’ IST scores: 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 20, 23, 21

Test the researcher’s hypothesis using α =.05

Please show answer testing for equal variances.

Explain the roles of at least THREE of the following factors on gender role development: a) prenatal hormones, b) different socialization for boys and girls, c) modeling, and d) gender schemas.

Compare and contrast authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful/uninvolved, and permissive-indulgent parenting styles. For each parenting style, be sure to explain: a) whether parents are responsive to their children (are the parents warm and supportive, democratic in decision making), b) whether the parents place demands on their children (are there rules the children have to follow), and c) what strategies, if any, the parents typically employ to discipline children.