What is the pH of a 1 x 10-7 M solution of HCl? Please note that you cannot simply add the contribution of H+ ions from the autoproteolysis of water and the contribution from the dissociation of HCl. You will need to use the quadratic equation to solve this problem and report the answer to 4 significant figures. For a hint see the Acids and Bases handout on Canvas.

1.) Explain why the first derivative of the titration curve can be used to identify the equivalence point of an acid-base titration (or equivalence points for polyprotic acids).

2.)  Explain the effect of pKa on endpoint detection for the titration of a weak acid with a strong base:

3.) Explain the effect of acid strength (molarity) on endpoint detecton for the titration of a weak acid with a strong base.

#15.80 Find the pH of each of the following solutions of mixtures of acids. (express answers to 2 decimal places)

1) 8.0×10⁻² M in HNO3 and 0.180 M in HC7H5O2

2) 9.0×10⁻² M in HF and 0.220 M in HC6H5O

3) 0.110 M in formic acid and 5.5×10⁻² M in hypochlorous acid

1. Give the mechanism for nucleophilic addition reactions to aldehydes and ketones, list factors that affect this reaction.

2. Give the mechanism for the Wittig reaction.

3. Discuss nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions and provide key examples to make your point.

4. List the major nomenclature rules for acid chlorides, anhydrides, carboxylic acids, esters, amides and nitriles.

Early in the course we spent time talking about carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. All of these are synthesized through condensation reactions.

A. What is a condensation reaction?

B. Why do condensation reactions require energy? Use concepts such as potential energy and entropy in your answer.

C. Describe the link between spontaneous/nonspontaneous reactions and energy.

A mixture of propionic and n-butyric acids, which can be assumes to form ideal solutions, is to be separated by distillation a distillate containing 95 mol% propionic acid and a bottoms of 98 mol% n-butyric acid. Determine the type of condenser and estimate the distillation operating pressure. The normal boiling point for propionic acid is 141 C and n-butyric is 163.5 C.

1. Put a circle around the Lewis Acids and a Box around the Lewis Bases:

Ca²⁺                 S^2-               OH^-                      Fe³⁺                      I^-

1.Determine the number of moles of ATP that can be synthesized from one mole of CH3(CH2)22COOH. (Show all your work.)

2.Why does the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid require additional enzymes? How does the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond change the total number of ATP that can be produced?

1. Explain how the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin can affect the followings:

1.1 Amino acid substitutions that disrupt H-bonding at the α,β-interface

1.2 Substitution L136P, which destabilizes the subunit interactions

1.3 Disease in which the individual has increased levels of fetal hemoglobin

1.4  Consumption of methanol that causes a drop in blood pH (Metabolic acidosis)

Suppose a gene can suffer one of two types of deletion mutation. One mutation deletes 2 nucleotides in a row. The other mutation deletes 3 nucleotides in a row.

Which mutation will have the most impact following translation and why?

To support your answer, write out an example mRNA sequence and show the effects of each mutation on the corresponding amino acid sequence.