Using the data in the table, which of the conjugate acids below is the strongest acid?

Base /////// Kb
NH3 1.8 x 10-5
C5H5N 1.7 x 10-5
H2NOH 1.1 x 10-8
NH2CH3 4.4 x 10-4

A) C5H5NH  
B) NH4  
C) H3NOH  
D) NH3CH3  
E) NH4 and NH3CH3

Find the pH of each of the following mixtures of acids.

1.5×10−2 molL−1 in HBr and 1.0×10−2 molL−1 in HClO4

8.5×10−2 molL−1 in HF and 0.220 molL−1 in C6H5OH

0.110 molL−1 in formic acid and 5.5×10−2 molL−1 in hypochlorous acid

Fill out table 4 for all pH measurements made in table 2.

Table 2: pH of acids and conjugate bases

Table 4: pH for acids and bases (include in this table all solutions from table 2)

Fisher Esterification of m-Nitrobenzoic Acid to produce methyl m-nitrobenzoate Lab Report

Purpose Statement:

Discussion                                                                                                                                                           (15 points)

a. Carbonyl compounds can be divided in two groups. One group will consist of acyl halides, anhydrides, carboxylic acids, esters, amides; the second group consists of aldehydes and ketones. Even though all the compounds are carbonyl compounds, they react by different mechanisms. Differentiate the mechanism of reaction of the two carbonyl groups;

b. What is the order of reactivity of carbonyl compounds (most reactive to least reactive)? Include both carbonyl groups in the sequence and provide an explanation for the order of reactivity

c. Fisher Esterification is a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In this reaction, identify the electrophile and the nucleophile compounds.

The electrophile in this reaction is the carbocation formed, whereas the nucleophile is the

d. Elaborate on the reactivity of carboxylic acids. Explain the need for the acid.
e. How IR changes allow you to predict the success of this reaction (Fisher Esterification)?
f. How 1H NMR can help you to predict the success of this reaction (Fisher Esterification)?

2. Energy requiring transport mechanisms include

A. Primary active transport

B. Diffusion

C. Facilitated diffusion

D. Both A and B are correct

E. Both A and C are correct

3. The fixation of nitrogen requires _______.

A. Fe-Mo protein

B. Fe protein

C. Ferredoxin

D. Both A and B are correct

E. All of the above are correct

4. Membranes are rigid when they contain

A. Large amounts of cholesterol

B. Large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids

C. Large amounts of saturated fatty acids

D. Large amounts of water

E. A and B

5. Membrane remodeling

A. Requires phospholipases

B. Requires acyl transferases

C. Occurs only when cells are under stress

D. Both A and B are correct

E. All of the above are correct

7. Which of the following is not a function of lipids

A. Energy storage

B. Components of biological membranes

C. Insulation

D. Source of acetyl-CoA

E. All of the above are functions of lipids

1. An aqueous solution is prepared such that pH = 8.2. Determine the [H+] [OH–], and pOH of this solution. Show work.

2. Below are the relative fraction of species versus pH curves for different acids. Based on these curves, rank the acids (carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3 –), phenol (C6H5OH), hydrofluoric acid (HF)) in order of increasing acid strength. Briefly describe reasoning.

3. According to the list of bases in order of increasing base strength up the page, which side of the acid-base reaction shown below is favored at equilibrium? Briefly explain. HPO4 2– (aq) + HS– (aq) H2PO4 – (aq) + S2– (aq) Base: Strongest OH– S2– PO4 3– HPO4 2– HS– H2PO4 – H2O Weakest

4. Below are the chemical structures of three species labeled A, B, and C. One is an acid, one is a base, and one is neither an acid nor a base when dissolved in water. Assign which one is which and briefly explain assignments.

Question 1

Which of the following categories of compounds will affect the pH of the aqueous solution they are dissolved in? This assumes they are water soluble. Pick all that apply.

Multiple answers: You can select more than one option

A

alcohols

B

amine

C

aldehyde

D

carboxylic acids

Question 2

Which of the following categories of compounds will be soluble in 5% NaOH (aq) if they are not soluble in water?

A

aldehydes

B

alcohols

C

amines

D

carboxylic acids

Question 3

Which of the following categories of compounds will be soluble in 5% HCl (aq) if not soluble in water?

A

carboxylic acids

B

alcohols

C

amines

D

aldehydes

Question 4

Which of the following IR information is most indicative a compound is an aldehyde or ketone? Note: The question formatting will now allow for super script -1 so the term reciprocal centimeters are used in place of cm^-1

A

strong peaks between 2850-3000 reciprocal centimeters

B

strong sharp peak between 1650-1800 reciprocal centimeters

C

a medium sharp peak at 2250 reciprocal centimeters

D

strong broad peak between 3200-3600 reciprocal centimeters

Question 5

Which of the following IR information is most indicative a compound is a primary or secondary amine? Note: The question formatting will now allow for super script -1 so the term reciprocal centimeters is used in place of cm^-1

A

medium peaks between 3500-3200 reciprocal centimeters

B

strong sharp peak between 1650-1800 reciprocal centimeters

C

strong peaks between 2850-3000 reciprocal centimeters

D

a medium sharp peak at 2250 reciprocal centimeters

List and briefly describe 4 defenses of the human gastrointestinal tract, and 4 microbial-caused diseases of the human GI tract.