After a campaign to encourage students to take precautions against skin cancer, in a certain high school class consisting of 34 girls and 39 boys, it is observed that 26 girls and 25 boys take precautions as measured by a survey to elicit how often they wear sunscreen, sunglasses and hats for protection against the sun.

Please use this information to calculate the probabilities for the following questions. Please provide each numerical answer to TWO DECIMAL places (X.XX) with no additional information in the answer box. Just X.XX (i.e. no extra spaces, no units, etc).

What is the probability that a student picked at random takes precautions against skin cancer (by wearing sunscreen, sunglasses and a hat), given that the student is a boy?

The Titanic Used the data in the following table, which summarizes results from the sinking of the titanic.

1. If one of the Titanic passengers is randomly selected, find the probability of getting someone who is a women or survivor.
2. If one of the Titanic passengers is randomly selected, find the probability of getting a man and someone who survived the sinking.
3. If one of the Titanic passengers is randomly selected, find the probability of getting a boy or girl?
4. If one of the Titanic passengers is randomly selected, find the probability of getting a man, given that the selected person died.
5. If Three of the Titanic passengers is randomly selected, find the probability of all three are boys?

Summary of DIRTY HARRY CLIP
In the Dirty Harry clip, Harry tortures the guy by shooting him in the leg to obtain information on where the girl was.  Cop Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) attempts to track down a psychopathic rooftop killer before a kidnapped girl dies. When he is found Harry abuses the murderer's civil rights putting him back on the streets. Once he is released he hijacks a school bus and Harry must go after him again. The only way to stop this vicious killer is in cold blood.

NOW ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AGREEING HOW ITS NOT OKAY TO TORTURE TO AQUIRE INFORMATION OR CONFESSIONS

Given a life or death situation (as in Dirty Harry),
-Explain why its not justified for police officers to use torture or other means to obtain information from a suspect to save a life?
-When would it be acceptable and when would it not be acceptable?
-Or, should officers never use any means necessary to obtain a confession and always follow the law and protect the Constitutional rights of an accused?

2. Suppose that there is a drug that was shown to be effective at treating the novel coronavirus. Only two firms can produce this drug. The (inverse) demand function for the drug is given by P = 200 − 2Q where Q is the quantity of the drug available in the market and P is the market price. Firm 1 produces the drug with a constant marginal cost of 8 USD (total costs are equal to 8Q for firm 1) while firm 2 produces the drug with a constant marginal cost of 10 USD (total costs are equal to 10Q for firm 2).

a) Define the best response functions of each firm.

b) Find the equilibrium quantities of each firm and find the market price at the equilibrium.

c) Now assume a third firm has figured out how to produce the drug. What do you think will happen to equilibrium quantity and price (answer verbally)?

Question: Company X uses fermentation to produce a valuable industrial chemical. A startup company approaches X with a novel microbe that will increase the yield of the chemical, so that profits will increase by an estimated $14.0k/mo. The startup company wishes to sell the rights to use the microbe for a seven-year period, at a price of $480k.

Engineers at company X estimate the increased production will entail additional maintenance, costing $12.0k in year 2, $14.0k in year 4, and $17.0k in year 6 of the project.

1. What would a cash flow diagram of the project, from the standpoint of Company X?

2. How can I calculate the present value of the project, assuming a 13.0% annual interest rate?

3. Using Excel, make a well-formatted graph of the project present value vs. interest rate, for interest rates ranging from 0 to 30% APR.

"You have developed a new anti-anxiety drug and are interested in its efficacy. You have two groups of rats (N=20 per group). You inject the one group (group 0) with saline, and inject the other group (group 1) with your anti-anxiety drug. Your outcome variable is the amount of exploratory behaviour (‘locomotion’) measured in a novel environment (a mild stress) over 1 hour. "

I ran an independent-samples t-test in SPSS (a statistics program) on this data and the same test but with bootstrapping.

Somehow the results were that the data is insignificant with a p-value of 0.139, alpha of 0.05, but the 95% confidence interval was 6.967 - 61.128.

If the data is insignificant, should 0 not be a value within the 95% confidence interval?

How is it possible that the null value (0) is not within the confidence interval, but still have a rather large insignificant result?

Researchers investigating temperament in dogs have a database of reactivity scores from a population of N = 1000 puppies.  The reactivity scores are normally distributed with a mean of mu = 175 and a standard deviation of sigma = 20; higher scores indicate higher reactivity (that is, the puppy is more likely to become aroused by novel stimuli).

Dr. Kobe is also conducting temperament testing, but his local shelter is much smaller than Dr. Santos’.  Thus, he is only able to obtain a sample size of n = 20 puppies.

a. What is the likelihood that Dr. Kobe will obtain a mean reactivity score of 168 or lower?

b. What is the likelihood that Dr. Kobe will obtain a mean reactivity score of 190 or higher?

c. Why should the probability of obtaining a sample mean less than M = 165 be larger for Dr. Kobe than Dr. Santos?

The Covid-19 coronavirus first struck in Wuhan, the capital of China’s Hubei province, at the end of 2019. It quickly spread beyond Asia. The policy responses have mostly been lockdowns of varying intensities and durations. Though there have been many national and even international curfews in the past, perhaps most prominently during the Second World War, there are no examples of lockdowns on a global scale deployed to counter the spread of disease. It is wholly novel to force significant proportions of the populations of the major world economies to stay at home, and mostly indoors. An important observation by economists is the interplay of demand and supply for personal protective equipment (PPE). With relevant facts and figures, you are required to
1. Identify and explain 5 determinants of demand for PPE.
2. Discuss 5 determinants of PPE supply.
3. Explain any two consequences of a shortage in the supply of PPE.

1A. Look at these particular goods and determine whether it most likely describes perfect competition or monopolistic competition

1. designer dress
2. pears
3. mystery novel
4. wheat
5. milk
6. TV show
7. microwave

1B. Consider the following scenarios and describe how the monopolistic competitor would be impacted in the short run and the long run. Will there be economic profits or economic losses? What will happen to prices after entry or exit? What will economic profits be in the long run?

1. Romantic movies are less popular with the general public.
2. More people are interested in antique furniture.
3. There is much more interest in eating healthier foods.
4. Less people are listening to rock music.
5. Less people are eating at steakhouses.
6. More people are signing up for gym memberships.

1C. Which of the following industries would be described as an oligopoly?

1. Fast-food restaurants
2. Airline industry
3. Bookstore
4. Fashion boutique

When actor Robin Williams took his life in August of 2014, major news organizations covered the story in great detail. Most major news outlets reported on Marin County Sheriff’s Lt. Keith Boyd’s press conference, which revealed graphic details from the coroner’s report about the methods Williams used. While there was great interest on the part of the public in finding out what happened, many argued that reporting too much detail about the suicide violated the family’s privacy. Indeed, many of Robin Williams’s fans posted on Facebook, Twitter, and other social networks to express their objections to the media treatment of the suicide, urging reporters to respect the family’s right to grieve in peace. Several members of the mental health community also took issue with the detailed reports. Paul Farmer, chief executive of the mental health charity Mind, wrote to CNN that “When a media report describes clear details of unusual methods of suicide and essentially gives a “how to” guide—the danger is it can make suicide seem like a more accessible action to take.” Some journalists expressed similar viewpoints, criticizing the reports as a clear violation of media ethics. According to the Press Complaints Commission, “When reporting suicide, care should be taken to avoid excessive detail about the method used.” Yet other journalists argued that the primary responsibility of the media was to report the story truthfully and factually. In an op-ed in the LA Times, Andrew Klavan wrote, “The manner of Williams’ death is public information. Journalists should report it as long as it remains of interest to the public. It is not a journalist’s job to protect us from the ugly facts.” Klavan argued that the journalist’s duty is not to do good or be wise, but to report the whole story, which may in fact be a part of a larger story unfolding elsewhere. Sheriff Boyd similarly defended his own actions by stating that he had a duty to report the details as part of the public record. In an interview with Today, Williams’s daughter Zelda discussed how her father never sought to hide his problems, mentioning his openness about struggling with alcoholism. She stated, “I think that one of the things that is changing, that is wonderful, is that people are finally starting to approach talking about illnesses that people can’t immediately see…He didn’t like people feeling like the things that were hard for them they should go through alone.”

Discussion Questions

1. Systematic moral analysis (SMA) first requires identifying the problems in a situation. In this case, who was harmed and how? You may reference the list of moral rules in the transcript of the narration below.

(The first step of SMA is conceptualization, which involves determining who might be harmed and how. If no one is likely to be harmed, then there’s no ethical problem. But how do we really know if we’re about to cause harm? 20th Century Philosopher Bernard Gert developed a list of 10 moral rules that can help us identify ethically questionable acts. 1) Do not kill. 2) Do not cause pain. 3) Do not disable. 4) Do not deprive of freedom or opportunity. 5) Do not deprive of pleasure. 6) Do not deceive. 7) Keep your promises. 8) Do not cheat. 9) Obey the law. 10) Do your duty.)

2. The second step of SMA requires asking who is responsible. Is Sheriff Boyd responsible? The journalists? Anyone else? How do their role-related responsibilities relate to the harm caused?

3. Third in the process of SMA is to consider whether or not the action can be justified. Do you think the role-related responsibilities of Sheriff Boyd or the journalists justified their actions? Why or why not? What alternative ways of reporting Robin Williams’s suicide would have caused less harm?

4. Finally, if you had been in the position of Sheriff Boyd or the journalists, what do you think would have been the ethically ideal action to take?