Membrane lipids in tissue samples obtained from different parts of the leg of a reindeer show different fatty acid compositions. Which of the following statements is/are true?

Multiple answers: You can select more than one option

A

Because reindeer spend much time walking through ice and snow the proportion of unsaturated fatty acyl chains should increase from the top of the leg (warm) to the hoof (cold) to insure fluidity at low temperature.

B

Unsaturated fatty acids closer to the hoof have a lower melting point due to the presence of double bonds.

C

The presence of double bonds prevent unsaturated fatty acids from packing together tightly.

D

The presence of saturated fatty acids help membranes to remain fluid at low temperature.

E

Saturated fatty acid content should be higher at the top of the leg (warm compared to the hoof) exhibiting a higher melting point due to the absence of double bonds.

Illustrate and explain how an elevation in plasma glucose levels leads to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. Your illustration and explanation should include GLUT2, Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, ATP, ATP:ADP, Kir6.2, calcium channel, synaptotagmin, secretory granules, proinsulin, insulin, and C-peptide.

Explain, using electron-pushing arguments, why glycolysis must go through the Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate step (i.e. a C1 aldehyde to a C2 ketone).
Focus on the subsequent aldolase-catalysed reaction and explain why Glucose 1,6 bisphosphate would not be able to go through the aldolase reaction.

Why may ketone bodies form in some patients?

A. lipids are not getting absorbed in the small intestine

B. glycolysis is stimulated in the liver

C. acetyl-CoA is converted into ketone bodies instead of continuing through the citric acid cycle

D. oxaloacetate is available for the citric acid cycle

E. proteins are not digested correctly

5. Yeast engage in alcoholic fermentation in order to a. provide brewers with a steady source of income b. produce NADH from NAD+ to allow glycolysis to operate anaerobically c. produce acetyl Co A for entry into the TCA cycle when oxygen is absent d. produce ATP from pyruvate e. none of the above

A bank wants to use direct refinancing to manage its duration gap, D_G. Currently, for its assets, loans = $22 million and cash = $6 million. Equity = $4 million. Average D_A = 2.75 years, and average D_L = 4 years.

a) Should the bank buy loans with cash or sell existing loans for cash to reduce its interest risk?

b) What is the duration of the bank's existing loans?

c) How much cash will be used to eliminate the bank's interest rate exposure, if the loan available on the market has a duration of 7.6 years?

In which hormone scenario are fatty acids synthesized or anabolized from other macronutrient sources? +insulin +glucagon +epenephrine

1- This lipid the major component in cell membranes.
Group of answer choices

steroid

hydrocarbons

phospholipid

triglyceride
2- These are the building blocks of proteins.
Group of answer choices

vitamins

functional groups

enzymes

amino acids

3- Which one of these is not a protein function?
Group of answer choices

energy storage

hemoglobin

digestive enzymes

keratin in hair
4- A hydrophilic molecule will easily hydrogen bond with water.
Group of answer choices

True

False

5- The nucleolus of the nucleus is the site of
Group of answer choices

lipid synthesis

chromsome replication

protein synthesis

ribosomal subunits manufacturing

6- The ‘shipping department’ of eukaryotic cells called the ______ can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules.
Group of answer choices

mitochondria

vesicle

plasma membrane

golgi apparatus

7- Ribosomes
Group of answer choices

carry out lipid synthesis

help eliminate toxins in the liver

carry out protein synthesis

are the site where ATP is made
8- All the following are true of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum except
Group of answer choices

a site of calcium storage

site of detoxification of foreign substances

has many attached ribosomes

site of membrane lipid synthesis

9- Lysosomes (pick all that apply)
Group of answer choices

are found only in animal cells

digest nutrients

are found only in plant cells

can prevent the build up of cellular waste which can lead to disease
10- Which nucleic acid energy molecule is produced in the mitochondrion?
Group of answer choices

ATP

DNA

RNA

Glucose

Choose the FALSE statement:

A) The products formed in a catabolic reaction would probably have lower energy than the reactants from which they are formed.

B) Coenzymes, or vitamins, are organic molecules that are required by many enzymes in order to carry out their catalytic functions.

C) The limit of cell size is partly determined by the surface area to volume ratio, which favors larger cells having a higher surface area to volume ratio than smaller cells.

Choose the FALSE statement:

A) According to the principles of diffusion, molecules will move down their concentration gradient from high to low by relying on entropy, and without requiring any input of energy.

B) Sugars and amino acids are examples of molecules that can easily diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer.

C) Active transport requires ATP and is used in those instances where substances are to be moved across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.

Choose the FALSE statement:

A) Complex cell structure, is inclusive of all multicellular organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi; simple cell structure is inclusive of all unicellular organisms, including amoeba, paramecium, bacteria and cyanobacteria.

B) In contrast to bacterial cells, which have only one piece of DNA, animal and plant cells have much more DNA; in these cells it is organized as many separate linear pieces.

C) Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells because they lack the internal organization provided by organelles, they are also much more primitive in terms of their evolutionary history.