Explain, using electron-pushing arguments, why glycolysis must go through the Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate step (i.e. a C1 aldehyde to a C2 ketone).
Focus on the subsequent aldolase-catalysed reaction and explain why Glucose 1,6 bisphosphate would not be able to go through the aldolase reaction.

Why may ketone bodies form in some patients?

A. lipids are not getting absorbed in the small intestine

B. glycolysis is stimulated in the liver

C. acetyl-CoA is converted into ketone bodies instead of continuing through the citric acid cycle

D. oxaloacetate is available for the citric acid cycle

E. proteins are not digested correctly

5. Yeast engage in alcoholic fermentation in order to a. provide brewers with a steady source of income b. produce NADH from NAD+ to allow glycolysis to operate anaerobically c. produce acetyl Co A for entry into the TCA cycle when oxygen is absent d. produce ATP from pyruvate e. none of the above

A bank wants to use direct refinancing to manage its duration gap, D_G. Currently, for its assets, loans = $22 million and cash = $6 million. Equity = $4 million. Average D_A = 2.75 years, and average D_L = 4 years.

a) Should the bank buy loans with cash or sell existing loans for cash to reduce its interest risk?

b) What is the duration of the bank's existing loans?

c) How much cash will be used to eliminate the bank's interest rate exposure, if the loan available on the market has a duration of 7.6 years?

In which hormone scenario are fatty acids synthesized or anabolized from other macronutrient sources? +insulin +glucagon +epenephrine

1- This lipid the major component in cell membranes.
Group of answer choices

steroid

hydrocarbons

phospholipid

triglyceride
2- These are the building blocks of proteins.
Group of answer choices

vitamins

functional groups

enzymes

amino acids

3- Which one of these is not a protein function?
Group of answer choices

energy storage

hemoglobin

digestive enzymes

keratin in hair
4- A hydrophilic molecule will easily hydrogen bond with water.
Group of answer choices

True

False

5- The nucleolus of the nucleus is the site of
Group of answer choices

lipid synthesis

chromsome replication

protein synthesis

ribosomal subunits manufacturing

6- The ‘shipping department’ of eukaryotic cells called the ______ can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules.
Group of answer choices

mitochondria

vesicle

plasma membrane

golgi apparatus

7- Ribosomes
Group of answer choices

carry out lipid synthesis

help eliminate toxins in the liver

carry out protein synthesis

are the site where ATP is made
8- All the following are true of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum except
Group of answer choices

a site of calcium storage

site of detoxification of foreign substances

has many attached ribosomes

site of membrane lipid synthesis

9- Lysosomes (pick all that apply)
Group of answer choices

are found only in animal cells

digest nutrients

are found only in plant cells

can prevent the build up of cellular waste which can lead to disease
10- Which nucleic acid energy molecule is produced in the mitochondrion?
Group of answer choices

ATP

DNA

RNA

Glucose

Choose the FALSE statement:

A) The products formed in a catabolic reaction would probably have lower energy than the reactants from which they are formed.

B) Coenzymes, or vitamins, are organic molecules that are required by many enzymes in order to carry out their catalytic functions.

C) The limit of cell size is partly determined by the surface area to volume ratio, which favors larger cells having a higher surface area to volume ratio than smaller cells.

Choose the FALSE statement:

A) According to the principles of diffusion, molecules will move down their concentration gradient from high to low by relying on entropy, and without requiring any input of energy.

B) Sugars and amino acids are examples of molecules that can easily diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer.

C) Active transport requires ATP and is used in those instances where substances are to be moved across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.

Choose the FALSE statement:

A) Complex cell structure, is inclusive of all multicellular organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi; simple cell structure is inclusive of all unicellular organisms, including amoeba, paramecium, bacteria and cyanobacteria.

B) In contrast to bacterial cells, which have only one piece of DNA, animal and plant cells have much more DNA; in these cells it is organized as many separate linear pieces.

C) Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells because they lack the internal organization provided by organelles, they are also much more primitive in terms of their evolutionary history.

1. Reaction 1 has a ΔG° of –12.3 kJ/mol, and Reaction 2 has a ΔG° of 23.4 kJ/mol. Which statement is TRUE of these two reactions?

Select one:

A. Reaction 1 occurs faster.

B. Reaction 2 occurs faster.

C. Both reactions occur at the same rate.

D. Reaction 2 will not occur.

E. It is impossible to know which reaction occurs faster with this information.

2. Fructose-1-phosphate can be hydrolyzed into fructose + inorganic phosphate (Pi) with a ΔG° of –16.0 kJ/mol. If ATP can be hydrolyzed into ADP + Pi with a ΔG° of –30.5 kJ/mol, what is the free energy change for the reaction of fructose + ATP → fructose 1-phospate + ADP?

Select one:

A. –14.5 kJ/mol

B. 46.5 kJ/mol

C. –1.4 Genetic Foundations5 kJ/mol

D. –46.5 kJ/mol

E. 14.5 kJ/mol

3.

The joining of two amino acids via a peptide bond (the process of protein synthesis) has a positive ΔG value. What does this imply?

Select one:

A. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and does not need to be coupled to another reaction.

B. Forming a peptide bond is endergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.

C. Forming a peptide bond is exergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.

D. Forming a peptide bond increases the entropy of a system.

E. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and can sometimes be coupled to another reaction.

1. Choose the false statement:

Group of answer choices

When eukaryotic organisms reproduce from one generation to the next, mutations play a far more important role as a source of genetic variation than does recombination.

One of the trends leading up to the evolution of early eukaryotic cells is a much-expanded genome and a shift from a haploid to a diploid amount of DNA.

The endosymbiotic theory supports the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells; this accounts for why these organelles contain DNA organized as a circular loop and ribosomes akin to those found in bacteria.

1b. Choose the false statement:

Group of answer choices

The structure shown demonstrates how the translation stage of gene expression can function as an assembly line to generate lots of protein product quickly.

Bacteria are able to regulate their metabolism by turning genes ON and OFF at the transcriptional level; this affects metabolism by determining the presence or absence of particular mRNAs in the cell.

As evidenced by our much much larger genomes, eukaryotes are much more complex than prokaryotes; a similar trend exists among different eukaryotes, such that the genomes of fruit flies or beetles are considerably smaller than that of more complex organism like humans.

1c. Choose the false statement:

Group of answer choices

The redundant nature of the genetic code implies that in some instances several different amino acids are coded for by the same codon.

Genes can be divided into two groups, those that code for proteins (e.g., structural genes) and regulators, those that control the expression of structural genes.

The karyotype shown belongs to a genetic male.