What was the initial ethical dilemma faced by the decision maker in this case?

In 2004, Becton Dickinson, the world’s largest manufac- turer of medical supplies and equipment agreed to pay Retractable, a small innovative company making safety syringes, $100 million dollars for damages it had inflicted on the small manufacturer. The year before, Premier and Novation, two of the largest GPOs (general purchasing organizations that buy supplies for hospitals and clinics), had paid Retractable an undisclosed sum of money for damages they had inflicted on the small company by co- operating with Becton Dickinson. Much more important, and uncompensated, however, were the injuries the three companies were said to have inflicted on countless health workers who had contracted AIDS and other blood-borne diseases because the three companies had blocked Re- tractable from selling its safety syringes to the hospitals, medical clinics, and other health organizations where they worked. To add insult to injury, in 2009, Becton Dickin- son was found by a jury to have copied Retractable’s pat- ented safety syringes and to have sold them to the very organizations whom earlier it had not allowed to have ac- cess to Retractable’s revolutionary safety syringes......

I can't post the whole case as it is too long to post. But you can find the case similar like this on Chegg. Sorry for the inconvenience!

The following data relates to ABC ltd for July 2004. There was no opening stock of finished units

Number of units completed                                              900


Number of units sold                                                          800
Cost incurred:

Direct material                     $2700

Direct labour                       1800

Variable overhead               2500

Fixed overhead                    1500

--------

8 500

Required:

Using both the absorption costing and variable costing methods determine

a) Unit cost of completed production for July

b) Value of closing inventory.

c) Cost of goods sold

A study in the May 4 2004 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine considered the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of screening people with hypertension (blood pressure of 140/90 or higher) for Type 2 Diabetes among people with hypertension. Assume - 5 % of people with hypertension have undiagnosed diabetes. - Early diagnosis of diabetes saves 0.2 years of life per person with previously undiagnosed diabetes. - A year of life is valued at $100,000. - Early diagnosis of diabetes increases health costs (due to treatment of diabetes for a longer period of time) by $10,000 per person with previously undiagnosed diabetes. We consider the costs and benefits of diabetes screening for 10,000 people with hypertension who have not been screened for diabetes. In parts (a) and (b) assume that there are no direct costs for the actual screening tests, the only cost is the indirect cost of receiving more health care, and that the screening detects all cases of undiagnosed diabetes.

(a) Perform a cost-benefit analysis of diabetes screening for this group. Does it favor screening?

(b) What is the cost of screening per life-year saved?

(c) Suppose that the costs of screening each individual are $120. How would this affect your answer from part a? For this cost-benefit analysis, what is the break-even price that would favor screening (At what value would the costs and benefits be equal)?

Excessive executive compensation in the financial services industry ranks high among examples of failed corporate governance. Corporate government at the government-sponsored mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were particularly weak. The politically appointed board at both enterprises failed to understand the risks of sub-prime loan strategies being employed, did not adequately monitor the decisions of the CEO, did not exercise effective oversight of the accounting principles being employed (which led to inflated earnings), and approved executive compensation systems that allowed management to manipulate earnings to receive lucrative performance bonuses. The audit and compensation committees at Fannie Mae were particularly ineffective in protecting shareholder interest., with the audit committee allowing the company’s financial officers to audit report prepared under their direction and used to determine performance bonuses. Fannie Mae’s audit committee also was aware of management’s use of questionable accounting practices that reduced losses and recorded one-time gains to achieve financial targets linked to bonuses. In addition, the audit committee failed to investigate formal charges of accounting improprieties filed by a manager in the Office of the Controller.

Fannie Mae’s compensation committee was equally ineffective. The committee allowed the company’s CEO, Franklin Raines to select the consultant employed to design the mortgage firm’s executive compensation plan and agreed to a tiered bonus plan that would permit Raines and other senior managers to receive maximum bonus without great difficulty. The compensation plan allowed Raines to earn performance-based bonuses of $52 million and a total compensation of $90 million between 1999 and 2004. Raines was forced to resign in November 2004 when the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight found that Fannie Mae’s executives had fraudulently inflated earnings to receive bonuses linked to financial performance. Securities and Exchange Commission investigators also found evidence of improper accounting at Fannie Mae and required the company to restate its earnings between 2002 to 2004 by $6.3 billion.

Poor governance at Freddie Mac allowed its CEO and senior management to manipulate its financial data to receive performance-based compensation as well. Freddie Mac’s CEO Richard Syron received 2007 compensation of $19.8 million while the mortgage company’s share price declined from a high of $70 in 2005 to $25 at year end 2007. During Syron’s tenure as CEO, the company became embroiled in a multibillion-dollar accounting scandal, and Syron’s personally disregarded internal reports dating to 2004 that cautioned of an impending financial crisis at the company. Forewarnings within Freddie Mac and by Federal Regulators and outside industry observers proved to be correct, with loan underwriting policies at Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae leading to combined losses at the two firms in 2008 of more than $100 billion. The price of Freddie Mac’s shares had fallen to below $1 by the time of Syron’s resignation in September 2008.

Both organisations were placed into a conservatorship under the direction of the U.S. Government in September 2008 and were provided bailout funds of more than $160 billion by early 2011. The U.S. Federal Housing Finance Agency estimated that the bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac would potentially reach $200 billion to $300 billion by 2013.

Sources: Chris Isidore, “Fannie, Freddie Bailout: $153 Billion…and counting,” CNNMoney, February 11, 2011;” Adding up the government’s Total Bailout Tab, “ New York Times Online, February 4, 2009; Eric Dash, “Fannie Mae to restate results by $6.3 Billion because of Accounting,” New York Times Online, www.nytimes.com, December 7, 2006; Annys Shin, “Fannie Mae sets executive salaries,” Washington Post, February 9,2006,p.D4; and Scott DeCarlo, Eric Weiss, Mark Jickling, and James R.Cristie, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Scandal in U.S. Housing (Nova Publishers,2006), pp. 266-286.

QUESTION 1

A) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are two examples of poor execution of corporate governance in mortgage financial institutions. Identify and discuss the corporate governance issues in this case study.

1.)Coffey's Coffee Shop was organized on January 1, 2005 and was authorized to issue 200,000 shares of $2 par value common stock and 100,000 shares of $100, 6% cumulative preferred stock. The preferred stock is convertible to common at the rate of 1 preferred share to 4 shares of common. The conversion rate is restated for all stock dividends and splits. Coffee had the following stock transactions in 2005:

1/1/2005 - Sold 30,000 shares of common stock at $20 per share.

1/1/2005 - Sold 10,000 shares of preferred stock at $100 per share.

4/1/2005 - Issued at 50 percent stock dividend when the market price is $26 per share.

9/1/2005 - Purchased 4,000 treasury shares at $30 per share.

10/1/2005 - Sold 1,000 of the treasury shares at $32 per share.

11/1/2005 - Sold 2,000 of the treasury shares at $25 per share.

12/1/2005 - Issued a 2-1 for stock split.

12/20/2005 - Declared the required dividend to preferred stock holders and a $.25 per share dividend to common stockholders. Dividends are payable on 12/31/2005.

12/31/2005 - Paid dividends declared on 12/20/2005.

Prepare journal entries to record all of the above business events

2.)

(A) Welson Co. is being sued for illness caused to local residents as a result of negligence on the company's part in permitting the local residents to be exposed to highly toxic chemicals from its plant. Welson's lawyer states that it is probable that Welson will lose the suit and be found liable for a judgment costing Welson anywhere from $400,000 to $2,000,000. However, the lawyer states that the most probable cost is $1,200,000. As a result of the above facts, Welson should accrue and what should be disclosed?

(B) On August 1, 2006, the Frost Company purchased property from Anderson that had a fair value of $399,271. Frost gave Anderson a $500,000 noninterest-bearing note payable in five equal annual installments of $100,000 with the first payment due July 31, 2007. What is the amount of interest expense that should be recognized by Frost in 2007, using the effective interest method?

(C) Pryor Corporation issued a 2-for-1 stock split of its common stock which had a par value of $10 before and after the split. At what amount should retained earnings be capitalized for the additional shares issued?

(D) On January 2, 2004, a calendar-year corporation sold 8% bonds with a face value of $1,500,000. These bonds mature in five years, and interest is paid semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The bonds were sold for $1,384,000 to yield 10%. Using the effective interest method of computing interest, how much should be charged to interest expense in 2004?

(E) On its December 31, 2002, balance sheet, the Forge Corporation reported the following as investments in marketable equity securities which are classified as available for sale: Investment in marketable equity securities at cost $500,000 Less: valuation allowance 40,000 $460,000 At December 31, 2003, the market valuation of the portfolio was $490,000. What should Forge include in net income for 2003 as a result of the change in the market value of its investments?

(F) On February 10, 2005, after issuance of its financial statements for 2004, Goll Company entered into a financing agreement with Lebo Bank, allowing Goll Company to borrow up to $4,000,000 at any time through 2009. Amounts borrowed under the agreement bear interest at 2% above the bank's prime interest rate and mature two years from the date of loan. Goll Company presently has $1,500,000 of notes payable with First National Bank maturing March 15, 2005. The company intends to borrow $2,500,000 under the agreement with Lebo and liquidate the notes payable to First National. The agreement with Lebo also requires Goll to maintain a working capital level of $6,000,000 and prohibits the payment of dividends on common stock without prior approval by Lebo Bank. From the above information only, the total short-term debt of Goll Company as of the December 31, 2004 balance sheet date is __________________.

Give your view on this statement: “The absence of public assistance had forced the people of Europe to establish various types of self-help organization“ (Zeuli & Cropp, 2004, page 6). How can cooperatives play a role in the current economic crisis?

Jakobsen, K. (2004). If work doesn’t work: How to enable occupational justice. Journal of Occupational Science, 11, 125-134.

How does this occupational injustice affect the participants ability to choose and participate in occupations? What kinds of occupations are affected?

A certain forum reported that in a survey of 2004 American adults, 28% said they believed in astrology.

(a) Calculate a confidence interval at the 99% confidence level for the proportion of all adult Americans who believe in astrology. (Round your answers to three decimal places.) ,

1. So far there is no multilateral level investment agreement (MIA), despite attempts from OECD, UN, and other international institutions. What do you think are the key reasons for the failure of MIA?   Explain the major reasons (read Young and Tavares, 2004).