The Fight for Equal Rights, 1923-1972

The ERA, in varying forms, was introduced in every session of Congress from 1923 until 1971, but it was routinely bottled up in committees and never even received a floor vote until after World War II.

In the early 1950s, the division among feminists became apparent when the "Hayden rider" was attached to the ERA. This provision would have preserved the protective labor legislation deemed so important by many labor unions, and many working-class women, at the time. Such legislation included laws that mandated a minimum wage, or prohibited long hours or night shifts, for women workers.

Because these laws assumed that women were "different" from men—in the sense of being "weaker" or more in need of special protection—they were vehemently opposed by the National Women's Party. As long as the ERA included the Hayden rider, Paul and the NWP opposed its passage.

The Republican Party was the first to embrace the ERA. The GOP national platform first included a plank in support of the ERA in 1940, and President Dwight Eisenhower publicly called for the amendment's passage in 1958. But the combination of firm opposition from organized labor, and feminist opposition to the Hayden rider, continued to block the amendment's passage. (Frum, 2000)

Democrats, with closer ties to organized labor, were slower to embrace the ERA. Although John F. Kennedy endorsed the amendment late in the 1960 campaign, he did not push for its passage after winning the White House.

Kennedy did take a number of steps favored by women's rights activists: he appointed a blue-ribbon national Commission on the Status of Women, which lobbied successfully for passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which banned sex discrimination in pay for many professions. He also issued an executive order banning gender discrimination in the civil service. But most of his women appointees, including Commission chair and feminist icon Eleanor Roosevelt, had ties to the labor movement and opposed the ERA. (Wolbrecht, 2000)

The amendment's prospects improved considerably in the mid-1960s, as women's rights activists began to make common cause with civil rights activists, and the rise of a new and more activist "women's liberation movement" focused on a wider range of issues of concern to women.

In 1964, Congress banned workplace discrimination based on gender (as well as race, religion and national origin), in the Civil Rights Act; the inclusion of women in the Act reflected, among other factors, the concerted lobbying of Coretta Scott King, wife of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and the NWP's Alice Paul. While the women's rights movement and the civil rights movement did not always see eye-to-eye—and tensions between the two would become evident in the late 1960s—their cooperation during the debate over the Civil Rights Act was a critical moment for both.

In 1966 feminist author Betty Friedan—whose 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, had given voice to the frustrations of millions of American women—helped found the National Organization for Women (NOW) and co-wrote the organization's Statement of Purpose. NOW, she wrote, would lead "a new movement toward true equality for all women in America, and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes," and would " confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of which is their right."

NOW, which would formally endorse the ERA in 1967, became the driving force in the second wave* of American feminism (discussed on the next page). Along with several other feminist organizations, NOW focused on "consciousness raising"—using highly publicized (and sometimes confrontational) events to increase public awareness of gender inequality—coupled with old-fashioned, hard-nosed lobbying to advance its legislative agenda.

In early 1970 NOW disrupted a Senate hearing on a proposed Constitutional amendment to lower the voting age to 18, and demanded a hearing on the ERA. The following August, on the 50th anniversary of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, it organized the Women's Strike for Equality, a protest of more than 20,000 women that highlighted the need for social, political, and economic equality. (Gourley, 2008)

Coming at a time of profound social and political change in America—a convergence of the civil rights movement, protests against the war in Vietnam, the rise of the counterculture*, and the so-called "sexual revolution"—the demand for equal rights for women suddenly seemed less radical than it had, only a few years earlier. (Frum, 2000) Organized labor, for the most part, dropped its opposition, and political leaders of both parties, including President Richard M. Nixon, publicly embraced the ERA.

In 1970 Representative Martha Griffiths of Michigan spearheaded a movement to "discharge" the ERA from the House Judiciary Committee, where it had languished for years. Once given the opportunity to vote on the ERA the full House of Representatives approved it overwhelmingly in 1971. The Senate followed suit in 1972 and before the year was out, 22 states had approved it—more than half the total of 38 states needed for formal ratification. The ERA, it seemed, would soon be enshrined in the Constitution.

Question: Based on your reading in the webtext, respond to the following prompt in one to two paragraphs. In one or two sentences, summarize the author’s thesis statement about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). To support your answer, copy and paste one or two sentences from the article that convey the author’s central point. Also answer the following question in your post: How does this article excerpt give you a better understanding of the political difficulties that faced ERA proponents in the mid- and late 1970s?

Dengo Co. makes a trail mix in two departments: roasting and blending. Direct materials are added at the beginning of each process, and conversion costs are added evenly throughout each process. The company uses the FIFO method of process costing. During October, the roasting department completed and transferred 23,000 units to the blending department. Of the units completed, 3,400 were from beginning inventory and the remaining 19,600 were started and completed during the month. Beginning work in process was 100% complete with respect to direct materials and 40% complete with respect to conversion. The company has 2,800 units (100% complete with respect to direct materials and 80% complete with respect to conversion) in process at month-end. Information on the roasting department’s costs of beginning work in process inventory and costs added during the month follows. Cost Direct Materials Conversion Of beginning work in process inventory $ 10,300 $ 111,690 Added during the month 266,560 1,117,584 Problem 16-7A Part 1 Required: 1. Prepare the roasting department's process cost summary for October using the FIFO method. (Round "Cost per EUP" to 2 decimal places.) 2. Prepare the journal entry dated October 31 to transfer the cost of completed units to the blending department. (Do not round your intermediate calculations.) *please show all parts.*

Scatter Diagrams and High-Low Cost Estimation
From April 1 through October 31, Will County Highway Department hires temporary employees to mow and clean the right-of-way along county roads. The County Road Commissioner has asked you to help her in determining the variable labor cost of mowing and cleaning a mile of road. The following information is available regarding current-year operations:

a. Use the information from the high- and low-volume months to develop a cost-estimating equation for monthly labor costs.

b. Plot the data on a scatter diagram. Using the information from representative high- and low volume months, use the high-low method to develop a cost-estimating equation for monthly labor costs.

d. Adjust the equation developed in requirement (b) to incorporate the effect of an anticipated 7 percent increase in wages.

Brand valuations are critical to CEOs, financial and marketing executives, security analyst, institutional investors, and others who depend on well-researched, reliable information needed for assessments, and comparisons in decision making. Millward Brown Optimor has developed the Brand Top 100 most Valuable Global Brands for WPP, the world’s largest communications services group. Unlike other studies, the Brands Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands fuses consumer measures of brand equity with financial measures to place a financial value on brands.

Assuming that the populations variance are unknown, is there evidence of a difference between the technology sector and the financial institutions sector with respect to mean brand value? (Use alpha = 5%).

Please provide excel steps and outputs.

Of the following items the one that is most elastic would be:

/ the case: spree cruise lines at 9:00 a.m. on monday, tara hoopes, manager of corporate communications... Question: The Case: Spree Cruise Lines At 9:00 a.m. on Monday, Tara Hoopes, manager of corporate communicat... The Case: Spree Cruise Lines At 9:00 a.m. on Monday, Tara Hoopes, manager of corporate communications for Spree Cruise Lines, arrived at her office at Spree's corporate headquarters to find several messages already in her inbox. The New Orleans city attorney, Mike Litke, had contacted several people at corporate headquarters, suggesting that the company may be liable for damages to two buildings close to where their latest cruise vessel had launched, and people in the company wanted to know how to approach discussing the situation with him and others. The 750-foot Sensation had set sail from New Orleans on Sunday afternoon, bound for a five-night cruise to Cozumel and Cancun. Tara checked the statistics on the vessel and its itinerary: Built in 1994, cruising speed 20 knots, gross tonnage 50,000, slated for dry-dock repairs in several months. Carrying 1,200 passengers on board, mostly U.S. Americans, about 35 percent under age 35, 40 percent between the ages of 35 and 55, and the remainder senior citizens. Staffed by Captain Hernan Galati, Chief Engineer Scotty Ferguson, and veteran Cruise Director Ned Carnahan. Additional staff on board: 650 crew members representing 20 countries. Cruising to Cozumel with a Sunday departure, followed by a day at sea Monday and arrival in Cozumel on Tuesday morning, On Tuesday night was scheduled to depart for Cancun, docking there all day Wednesday before returning to New Orleans on Friday. Tara reached for the phone just as it rang. Ned Carnahan and Captain Galati were on the line. Before she could tell them about the full situation in New Orleans, they presented her with some problems of their own. Sunday Night Aboard the Sensation Ron and Marilyn Nelson stood on the stern deck, enjoying the view. It had been an exciting day, watching the huge ship dwarf the buildings on shore as they departed New Orleans. They had already explored the ship, delighted to find an Internet café, a sushi bar, two pools, and the rock-climbing wall. They had listened carefully to the announcements over the ship's public address system and had skimmed the Spree Fun, the ship's newsletter, which listed a wide array of excursions to book before their arrival on shore. As they had waited in line to book their excursions, Marilyn noticed the weather maps hanging on the wall in the main deck lobby. “Looks like a tropical storm over in the Bay of Campeche," she noted. “Don't worry," Ron said. "This is a huge vessel, and its engines are strong enough to outrun any storm! Ron was an ocean engineer by trade, and he was an authority on anything that floated on or happened under water. He added) We’re on vacation—let's enjoy it! They booked a catamaran sail/snorkel trip and a horseback-riding excursion to visit the Mayan ruins at Tulum, leaving plenty of time for shopping in Cozumel and Cancun. Now, standing on the stern of the vessel, there was no evidence of a storm. Ron and Marilyn watched the two wakes made by the twin engines—frothy white foam that trailed from the ship into a moonlit sea. They went down the back staircase into a quiet, unused bar and lounge area. The glassware on the metal shelving was clinking together loudly, making an eerie echo across the room. Other parts of the ship were noisy with the voices of excited passengers, but as they passed into the quiet cigar lounge, they could clearly hear a loud, rhythmic bumping sound. Ron remarked, "There is something wrong here; it sounds like the dual engine props aren't synchronized. Later that night, Marilyn could not sleep. It seemed that the vibration was getting worse and the plastic grids over the lighting system in the cabin were rattling loudly. Concerned, she got up and went to the Internet café to check information about cruise ships. Were they meant to make so much noise? She chatted with a couple of friends online, who told her that they hadn't had noise like that on their cruises, which only worried her more. Finally, she posted to her Facebook status: "Listening to the loud vibration on the Sensation—been going on for hours. Should I be worried?" Responses began coming in quickly, and soon Marilyn's network was re-posting the news in other places. The buzz had begun. In the Captain's Quarters At 6:00 a.m. Monday morning, Scotty Ferguson, chief engineer, knocked at Captain Galati's door. He said, "Sir, the propulsion unit running the left engine prop won't hold up—we've got to shut it down. Running it could result in permanent damage, but we might have to restart if we need the full 20-knot engine speed to outrun the storm later in the cruise. Scotty, are you sure?" asked the captain. "It will take us three days to reach Cozumel if we travel on half power. And we'll have to skip Cancun and turn right around to get back to dock by Friday. The guests have already booked their on-shore excursions. Let's get Ned up here. Ned, the cruise director, grumbled to himself as his stateroom phone rang. He thought to himself, Just one last cruise on this old ship; corporate promised I could move to a European route if I just finished this one last cruise. He spoke briefly with the captain and told him he would be right up. On his way to the captain's quarters, he thought about what Captain Galati had told him, and his mind worked quickly—I think we'd better call Tara at corporate, tell the passengers, refund or reschedule all the on-shore excursions, monitor the Internet café to see how many people have already contacted travel agents to disembark in Cozumel—and what about that storm? Even though passenger tickets clearly stated that itinerary chances could occur and that Spree would reimburse only $30 per person, it was Ned's job to keep the passengers happy—not to mention what this could mean for Sensation's future marketing plans. He was already calculating the financial impact to the cruise line and he couldn't help wondering if the minor engine troubles on the last cruise hadn't been properly repaired. Tara's Phone Call -Hello. Tara, we've got a delicate situation here," Ned said. Captain Galati interrupted, "We have to shut down one engine immediately; I know the passengers be upset, but the integrity of the ship is my first concern. "Of course, Captain," Tara said. "Tell me what's going on." They reported the damage to the engine's propulsion system and their decision to shut down one engine and reduce their cruising speed to 10 knots. The arrival into Cozumel would be delayed; rather than arriving at 9:30 on Tuesday, they would most likely arrive at 4:00 p.m. To ensure a timely return to New Orleans by Friday, they would have to depart Cozumel at 2:00 a.m. Wednesday, skipping the Cancun destination altogether and cruising straight through. Tara's cell buzzed; her boss had sent a text. "Check Twitter buzz on Sensation—we have a problem." A quick search showed her that the passengers were aware of the potential problem already; they'd been buzzing about it all night. And then there was the city attorney. Tara thought for a moment. "Ned, Captain Galati, we have a bigger problem than you might realize. Your passengers have already been talking to friends and family about the noise, and people on shore are getting worried. The city attorney here is also suggesting that our ship may have damaged some buildings as it left port. There's a lot at stake for Spree here. I think we'd better talk about how best to approach the situation." The Assignment Identify all of the key audiences for the communication surrounding this incident. What do you know about each of them? Are there other audiences linked to this audience, either as a secondary or future audiences? Answer the following questions about the audiences identified in question 1. a. What is the message you want to send to each key audience? b. What information does the audiences already know and what information do they need or want to have about the situation? c. How does this audience feel at this point and how would you like them to feel at the conclusion of the situation or after receiving your communication? 3) Develop a communication strategy considering the following questions: a. What are your key objectives for this communication? (Consider personal as well as departmental and corporate objectives.) b. Who is the best spokesperson to deliver this message and why? What other people could serve as spokespersons? c. What is the best channel, or medium, to use to communicate with this audience? Also consider the option of using several channels for these communications. d. When is the best time to communicate the information? e. Are the cultural or other contextual considerations you should keep in mind? f. How will you know if your communication has been successful?

South Africa has a series of currency controls in place. What do you believe are the reasons for this? What is the main advantage for South Africa?

1. Karl Corp. is preparing a schedule of cash receipts and disbursements for Year 4. Which of the following items should be included?

I.Borrowing funds from a bank on a note payable taken out in August Year 4 and agreeing co pay the principal and interest in July Year 5

II.Dividends declared in October Year 4 co be paid in January Year 5 co shareholders of record as of December Year 4

(A)I only, (B)II only ,(C)Both I and II, (D)Neither I nor II

2. Which of the following would NOT be included in a statement of cash receipts -and disbursements for Kraig Corporation in Year 2?

I.A purchase order issued in December Year 2 for items co be delivered in January Year 3

II.The amount of uncollectible customer accounts for Year 2

(A)I only, (B)II only ,(C)Both I and II , (D)Neither I or II

3. Sandra Inc. forecasted first quarter sales of I0,000 units, second quarter sales of 15,000 units, third quarter sales of 14,000 units, and fourth quarter sales of 17,000 units at $4 per unit.. Past experience has shown chat 70 percent of the sales will be in cash and 30 percent will be on credit. All credit sales are collected in the following quarter, and none are collectible. What amount of cash is forecasted to be collected in the second quarter?

(A) $54,000 (B) $42,000 (C) $30,000 (D) $28,500

The following data were drawn from the Latin American Migration Project, a collaborative research effort based at Princeton University and the University of Guadalajara, supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (http://lamp.opr.princeton.edu). A random sample of respondents was drawn from three Latin American countries: Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. The variable if interest is the duration (in months) of stay in the United States during respondents’ first migration to the United States.

Nicaragua: 4, 6, 6, 6, 12, 36, 36, 36, 36, 60, 72, 78, 96, 120, 126, 156, 162, 162, 186, 540 Guatemala: 1, 1, 12, 24, 24, 24, 36, 36, 42, 60, 78, 84, 102, 102, 102, 102,132, 144 Costa Rica: 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 18, 18, 24, 36, 48, 66, 120, 150, 150, 174, 282, 288

a) What is the level of measurement of duration of stay during first U.S. migration?

b) Calculate the value of the mode for each country.

c) How does the mode for Guatemala compare to that of Costa Rica?

d) In light of your answer to c), perhaps one explanation is that respondents from Latin American countries that are closer to the United States have a higher modal duration of stay in the United States during their first U.S. migration than respondents from Latin American countries that are further away from the United States. Does the evidence from Nicaragua support this idea? (Hint: examine a map of Latin America to see whether you would expect the mode for Nicaragua to be greater than or less than that for Costa Rica and Guatemala.)

e) Given your results from b), you are interested in extending this idea to the value of the median. Which country would you expect to have the highest median duration of stay in the United States during first U.S. migration?

f) Calculate the value of the median for each country. Which of the three countries above in fact has the highest median value? Does this support your idea that respondents from Latin American countries that are closer to the United States have a higher median duration of stay in the United States during their first U.S. migration than respondents from Latin American countries that are further away from the United States? Explain.

g) Notice that both Guatemala and Costa Rica have some very low and very high values. Which measure of central tendency is most susceptible to such extreme values?

h) Given your results from b) and f), you are interested in extending the idea that respondents from Latin American countries that are closer to the United States have a higher mean duration of stay in the United States during their first U.S. migration than respondents from Latin American countries that are further away from the United States. Which country would you expect to have the lowest mean duration of stay during first U.S. migration?

i) Calculate the value of the mean for each country. Which of the three countries above in fact has the lowest mean duration? Does this support your idea that respondents from Latin American countries that are closer to the United States have a higher mean duration of stay in the United States during their first U.S. migration than respondents from Latin American countries that are further away from the United States? Explain.

j) For each country, identify the direction in which (if any) the distribution is skewed? Provide specific evidence using your answers from the previous questions.