One of the treatments for breast cancer is the administration of selective aromatase inhibitors. Aromatase is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of various estrogens, such as estrone and estradiol. Aromatase inhibitors can be divided into two categories, type I and type II. Type I inhibitors are irreversible inhibitors of aromatase. Type II inhibitors are competitive inhibitors of aromatase. Given what you know about enzyme inhibition, explain the differences between irreversible and competitive enzyme inhibition.

The amino acid leucine has two titratable groups, the α-amino, pKa 9.6 and the α-carboxyl, pKa 2.4. Calculate the ratio of acidic and basic forms and express them as [A]/[HA] ratio or [B]/[BH] of the titrating group at the following pH values: α-carboxyl @ 1.4, 1.9, 2.4, 2.9, 3.4; α-amino @ 8.1, 8.6, 9.1, 9.6, 10.1. Plot pH vs. [B]/[BH] for each group, on the same graph. Compare similarities or disparities in the titration of each group.

1) List four outcomes that can result from a Base Substitution in the middle of a gene. For each outcome Explain:

A) What happens to the Amino Acid,

B) Why that happens to the Amino Acid, and

C) How it affects the protein.

2) DO NOT use terms such as “Missense”, “Nonsense”, “Frameshift”. DO NOT write the question in your answer. Do Not Give Examples using bases & codons. If you get a new Amino Acid, discuss side chains, categories, and intermolecular forces.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Use the following information to compute the confidence interval for the population proportion.

a. n = 715 and x = 329, with 95% confidence
b. n = 284 and p̂ = .71, with 90% confidence
c. n = 1250 and p̂ = .48, with 95% confidence
d. n = 457 and x = 270, with 98% confidence

Appendix A Statistical Tables

(Round your answers to 4 decimal places.)

a.

≤ p ≤

b.

≤ p ≤

c.

≤ p ≤

d.

≤ p ≤

Find the present value of $4,543 discounted for 6 years at 13%. Assume quarterly compounding. (round to the nearest whole dollar)

Consider the following cash flows and calculate the Present Value of this cash flow stream if the interest rate is 6%.  Please include two decimals in your answer and a negative if appropriate

Year 0: $-285

Year 1: $133

Year 2: $0

Year 3: $0

Year 4: $457

Please compare two synthetic approaches toward carboxylic acids. A. Grignard reagent approach; B. Nitrile approach. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method?Please compare two synthetic approaches toward carboxylic acids.

suppose 25.0 ml of .20 M acetic acids is being titrated with 0.200 M NaOH. what is pH after 10.0 mL NaOH has been added (ka for acetic acids = 1.8 x10^-5)

You are growing a culture of bacteria with cells that can alter the composition of fatty acids in their membranes. Explain why, and in what way, a change in temperature alters the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membranes of your culture.

1.Under what circumstances might the concentrations of enzyme, substrate, and inhibitors vary in a cell?

2.What other factors influence enzyme activity in vivo?  How important are these factors in regulating metabolic pathways?