USING COMMAND PROMPT ON LINUX. show how...

Linux Users, Groups, and Permissions Lab

Objective:

Understand how to create user accounts
Understand how to create group accounts
Creating good password policies
Understanding permissions and file sharing

Setup:

You will need a Ubuntu Server VM

Walk Through:

You are a system administrator who has been tasked to create user accounts for new users on your system. You can pick whatever theme you like as long as there are protagonist and antagonist users: i.e. Super Hero’s and Villains, Harry Potter Characters, or other interests of yours.

Create 2 groups:
One for the Protagonists
One for the Antagonists

Create 5 users:
2 Protagonists
2 Antagonists
1 Neutral – Can access both group's files

User Configuration:
Each user will have their own home directory that only they can access.
Users must change their password when they first log in.
Users are required to change their password after 6 months.

Required Directories in /home:
1. Share – Anyone can access this directory to add or remove
2. Protagonists – Only the protagonists group can add or remove
3. Antagonists – Only the antagonists group can add or remove
***Directory names can be named based on your current theme***

Ensure that you test that each account is working by either switching users, or logging in as different users.

What to Submit:
Submit a lab report documenting your process.

Make sure to include:

• A screenshot of the listing of the /home directory of the system showing the users home directories and the additional group directories.
• A screenshot showing the listing of the file /etc/groups.
• Screenshots that shows the permissions of the protagonists and antagonists directories.
• Output from the chage -l <username> for each of the five users.

CompTIA Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification (4th Edition)(Please do not do it in a mac and add pictures of the machine.)

Project 4-7 In this hands-on project, you apply and modify access permissions on files and directories and test their effects.

1. Switch to a command-line terminal (tty2) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2 and log in to the terminal using the user name of root and the password of LNXrocks!.

2. At the command prompt, type touch permsample and press Enter. Next, type chmod 777 permsample at the command prompt and press Enter.

3. At the command prompt, type ls -l and press Enter. Who has permissions to this file?

4. At the command prompt, type chmod 000 permsample and press Enter. Next, type ls –l at the command prompt and press Enter. Who has permissions to this file?

5. At the command prompt, type rm –f permsample and press Enter. Were you able to delete this file? Why?

6. At the command prompt, type cd / and press Enter. Next, type pwd at the command prompt and press Enter. What directory are you in? Type ls –F at the command prompt and press Enter. What directories do you see?

7. At the command prompt, type ls –l and press Enter to view the owner, group owner, and permissions on the foruser1 directory created in Hands-on Project 5-1. Who is the owner and group owner? If you were logged in as the user user1, in which category would you be placed (user, group, other)? What permissions do you have as this category (read, write, execute)?

8. At the command prompt, type cd /foruser1 and press Enter to enter the foruser1 directory. Next, type ls -F at the command prompt and press Enter. Are there any files in this directory? Type cp /etc/hosts . at the command prompt and press Enter. Next, type ls -F at the command prompt and press Enter to ensure that a copy of the hosts file was made in your current directory.

9. Switch to a different command-line terminal (tty3) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F3 and log in to the terminal using the user name of user1 and the password of LNXrocks!.

10. At the command prompt, type cd /foruser1 and press Enter. Were you successful? Why? Next, type ls -F at the command prompt and press Enter. Were you able to see the contents of the directory? Why? Next, type rm –f hosts at the command prompt and press Enter. What error message did you see? Why?

11. Switch back to your previous command-line terminal (tty2) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2. Note that you are logged in as the root user on this terminal.

12. At the command prompt, type chmod o+w /foruser1 and press Enter. Were you able to change the permissions on the /foruser1 directory successfully? Why?

13. Switch back to your previous command-line terminal (tty3) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F3. Note that you are logged in as the user1 user on this terminal.

14. At the command prompt, type cd /foruser1 and press Enter. Next, type rm –f hosts at the command prompt and press Enter. Were you successful now? Why?

15. Switch back to your previous command-line terminal (tty2) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2. Note that you are logged in as the root user on this terminal.

16. At the command prompt, type cd /foruser1 and press Enter to enter the foruser1 directory. Type cp /etc/hosts . at the command prompt and press Enter to place another copy of the hosts file in your current directory.

17. At the command prompt, type ls –l and press Enter. Who is the owner and group owner of this file? If you were logged in as the user user1, in which category would you be placed (user, group, other)? What permissions do you have as this category (read, write, execute)?

18. Switch back to your previous command-line terminal (tty3) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F3. Note that you are logged in as the user1 user on this terminal.

19. At the command prompt, type cd /foruser1 and press Enter to enter the foruser1 directory. Type cat hosts at the command prompt and press Enter. Were you successful? Why? Next, type vi hosts at the command prompt to open the hosts file in the vi editor. Delete the first line of this file and save your changes. Were you successful? Why? Exit the vi editor and discard your changes.

20. Switch back to your previous command-line terminal (tty2) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2. Note that you are logged in as the root user on this terminal.

21. At the command prompt, type chmod o+w /foruser1/hosts and press Enter.

22. Switch back to your previous command-line terminal (tty3) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F3. Note that you are logged in as the user1 user on this terminal.

23. At the command prompt, type cd /foruser1 and press Enter to enter the foruser1 directory. Type vi hosts at the command prompt to open the hosts file in the vi editor. Delete the first line of this file and save your changes. Why were you successful this time? Exit the vi editor.

24. At the command prompt, type ls -l and press Enter. Do you have permission to execute the hosts file? Should you make this file executable? Why? Next, type ls –l /bin at the command prompt and press Enter, Note how many of these files to which you have execute permission. Type file /bin/* at the command prompt and press Enter to view the file types of the files in the /bin directory. Should these files have the execute permission?

25. Type exit and press Enter to log out of your shell.

26. Switch back to your previous command-line terminal (tty2) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2. Note that you are logged in as the root user on this terminal.

27. Type exit and press Enter to log out of your shell.

   On June 10, 2015, representatives from 26 African nations signed an agreement pledging to work together to establish a free trade area that would remove or reduce many tariffs and eliminate time-consuming customs procedures between them. Known as the Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA), this common market encompass more than 630 million people an link together three existing regional trading blocks in Southern and eastern Africa with a combined gross domestic product of $1.2 trillion and over $102 billion in trade between, member status.

            The existing regional trading blocks are the East African Community, created in 2000; The Southern African Development Community, created in 1980; and an overlapping Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, which also took shape in the 1980s. The East Africa Community has made some progress fostering trade between its member’s countries, which include, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Countries in the Southern African Development Community have a common set of external tariffs, and several member states us the South African rand, the most liquid and widely traded currency on the continent.

            However, the existing patchwork of African trading blocks- there are some 17 in all, with countries being members of more than one- has made it difficult to realize the gains from trade that could flow from an expanded single market. An African firm selling goods on the continent still faces an average tariff of 8.7 percent, compared with a 2.5 percent tariff on excessive customs-related bureaucracy and red tape, and a lack of adequate physical infrastructure, including roads and railways. There are also some vexing local content requirements. The South African Development Community, for example, requires that clothes traded within the region are both manufactured and sourced there to qualify for lower tariffs. However, since few textiles are produced in the region, the rules have stifled trade in garments.

            For all these reasons, African countries are more likely to trade with Europe and America that they are with each other. Only 12 percent of Africa trade is with other countries on the continent. By comparison, some 60 percent of Europe’s trade is within its own continent, as is 40 percent of North American trade.

            The thinking behind TFTA is that harmonizing rules, reducing tariffs, and streaming or removing customs procedures will allow African firms to sell more goods and services to their neighbors, enabling them to achieve greater economies of scale and lower costs, which would benefit all parties to the agreement. On the other hand, such agreements may prove difficult to reach and, if the past is any guide, even more difficult to implement, given political realties on the three existing regional groups would yield more gains. It’s easier, they argue, to reach an agreement between five adjacent member states, as in the case of the East African Community, than 26 very different countries scattered over the entire continent.

** Another Perspective: can be found about the TFTA by going to The Tripartite Free Trade Area and by going to The Tripartite Free Trade Area Agreement

Analyze the case and answer the following questions:

QUESTION 1: Why are African countries more likely to trade with Europe and America than they are with each other?

QUESTION 2: What are the likely gains from trade to be had from TFTA if it is fully implemented as a common market?

QUESTION 3: Why do you think free trade areas established so far in Africa have not lived up to their expectations?

QUESTION 4: What will African countries need to do to make the TFTA a success? What are the likely impediments to doing this?

1 Which of the following is an advantage of having a single set of accounting standards used worldwide?

A. Reduced accounting costs for multinational corporations

B. Increased power of the FASB

C. Reduced number of multinational corporations on the NYSE

D. Increased diversity of accounting methods used by multinational corporations

2 The accounting standards in code law countries tend to be:

A. very detailed.

B. formulated by organizations such as the FASB.

C. stated generally without much guidance on accounting procedures.

D. very conservative.

3 What is the likely result when accounting rules are left up to professional associations

rather than being legislated by governmental bodies?

A. Very general accounting rules are created, as in code law countries.

B. Very detailed rules for practice are created, as in common law countries.

C. Very general accounting rules are created, as in common law countries.

D. Very detailed rules for practice are created, as in code law countries.

4Historical cost is the primary basis for asset valuation under U.S. GAAP. 

Why is historical cost NOT as important in the accounting systems of Latin America as in the U.S.?

A. Historical costs are too difficult to calculate in the currencies used in Central and South America.

B. The countries of Latin America have experienced very high rates of inflation,

which would make historical costs meaningless to readers of financial statements.

C. There is very little foreign direct investment in the countries of Latin America,

so few assets need to be accounted for.

D. In Latin America, asset prices are very stable, making historical costs ,

so it doesn't matter which valuation basis is used.

5Which of the following statements is true about accounting convergence?

A. Convergence is a synonym for harmonization.

B. Convergence is the opposite of standardization.

C. Convergence, unlike harmonization, takes place over a period of time.

D. Convergence means developing high-quality standards in partnership with national standards.

6 Which of the following statements is believed to be true about accounting convergence

by proponents of convergence?

A. Convergence would not affect the feelings of nationalism.

B. Convergence is desirable because there is very little difference among capital markets

in different countries.

C. Convergence would help to raise the quality of accounting practices internationally.

D. None of the above statements is true.

7Why does the IASB believe that a principles-based approach to standard setting 

is superior to a rules-based approach?

A. Detailed guidance or rules encourage accountants to look for ways around the rules

rather than trying to provide useful information.

B. Principles-based standard setting is less costly to undertake than rules

-based standard formulation.

C. It is desirable to have all corporations in all countries using the same accounting practice.

D. A conceptual framework for standard setting has demonstrated to encourage

the greatest economic development.

8 If a company chooses the revaluation model permitted in IAS 16 for fixed asset measurement:

A. annual revaluations must be performed on each class of assets.

B. it must update the valuation so that the balance sheet represents fair value

on the balance sheet date.

C. appraisals must be performed by an official of the IASB.

D. the depreciated replacement cost must be used as the fair value of the fixed asset.

The balance sheet and income statement for Cruise Corporation are as follows:                                                                     
                                                Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2020                                           
                                                                                   
ASSETS                                                                         LIABILITIES & EQUITY             
            Cash & marketable securities $2,000             Accounts payable                    $30,000
            Accounts Receivable               35,000             Taxes payable                         9,000

            Inventory                                 15,000             Short-term borrowings           12,000
            Total current assets                $52,000           Total current liabilities           $51,000
            Net P,P & E                              $448,000         Long-term debt                       $200,000
            TOTAL ASSETS                         $500,000         Total liabilities                        $251,000
                                                                                    Common stock at par             $80,000
                                                                                    Additional paid-in capital       $30,000
                                                                                    Retained earnings                   $139,000
                                                                        TOTAL LIABILITIES & EQUITY              $500,000

                                    Income Statement for the year ending December 31, 2020                                                                                                 
            Sales                            $800,000                                
            Cost of goods sold       560,000                                  
            Gross profit                 $240,000                                
            S, G & A                       100,000                                  
            Operating profit          $140,000                                
            Interest expense         11,660                                    
            Earnings b4 tax           $128,340                                
            Income tax                  39,785                                    
            Net Income                 $88,555                                  
                                                                                   
Cruiseʹs stock was selling for $7 a share at the end of 2020, and there were 95 thousand shares outstanding. Cruise paid dividends of $0.05 a share in 2020          . Approximately how many days are Cruiseʹs customers taking to pay their bills? Assume a 365-day year.

23 days

16 days

25 days                                                       
                                                                                   

20 days

How did the massive immigration from Europe after 1890 affect America? Is large scale immigration appropriate for America today? What about illegal/undocumented immigration, past and present?

Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase are major competitors to Wells Fargo. Please (1)analyze their strategies, (2)core competencies, and (3)competitive response for both Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase.

The following selected transactions were completed by Amsterdam Supply Co., which sells office supplies primarily to wholesalers and occasionally to retail customers:

Record on page 10 of the journal

Record on page 11 of the journal

Required:

Chart of Accounts

Journal

Journalize the entries to record the transactions of Amsterdam Supply Co. Refer to the chart of accounts for the exact wording of the account titles. CNOW journals do not use lines for journal explanations. Every line on a journal page is used for debit or credit entries. CNOW journals will automatically indent a credit entry when a credit amount is entered. Scroll down for page 11 of the journal.

PAGE 10

JOURNAL

ACCOUNTING EQUATION

THE Associated Press reported last week that Fidel Castro, the former president of Cuba, wrote an opinion piece on a Cuban Web site, following a Republican Party presidential candidates’ debate in Florida, in which he argued that the “selection of a Republican candidate for the presidency of this globalized and expansive empire is — and I mean this seriously — the greatest competition of idiocy and ignorance that has ever been.”

When Marxists are complaining that your party’s candidates are disconnected from today’s global realities, it’s generally not a good sign. But they’re not alone.

There is today an enormous gap between the way many C.E.O.’s in America — not Wall Street-types, but the people who lead premier companies that make things and create real jobs — look at the world and how the average congressmen, senator or president looks at the world. They are literally looking at two different worlds — and this applies to both parties.

Consider the meeting that this paper reported on from last February between President Obama and the Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, who died in October. The president, understandably, asked Jobs why almost all of the 70 million iPhones, 30 million iPads and 59 million other products Apple sold last year were made overseas. Obama inquired, couldn’t that work come back home? “Those jobs aren’t coming back,” Jobs replied.

Politicians see the world as blocs of voters living in specific geographies — and they see their job as maximizing the economic benefits for the voters in their geography. Many C.E.O.’s, though, increasingly see the world as a place where their products can be made anywhere through global supply chains (often assembled with nonunion-protected labor) and sold everywhere.

These C.E.O.’s rarely talk about “outsourcing” these days. Their world is now so integrated that there is no “out” and no “in” anymore. In their businesses, every product and many services now are imagined, designed, marketed and built through global supply chains that seek to access the best quality talent at the lowest cost, wherever it exists. They see more and more of their products today as “Made in the World” not “Made in America.”Therein lies the tension. So many of “our” companies actually see themselves now as citizens of the world. But Obama is president of the United States.

Victor Fung, the chairman of Li & Fung, one of Hong Kong’s oldest textile manufacturers, remarked to me last year that for many years his company operated on the rule: “You sourced in Asia, and you sold in America and Europe.” Now, said Fung, the rule is: “ ‘Source everywhere, manufacture everywhere, sell everywhere.’ The whole notion of an ‘export’ is really disappearing.”

Mike Splinter, the C.E.O. of Applied Materials, has put it to me this way: “Outsourcing was 10 years ago, where you’d say, ‘Let’s send some software generation overseas.’ This is not the outsourcing we’re doing today. This is just where I am going to get something done. Now you say, ‘Hey, half my Ph.D.’s in my R-and-D department would rather live in Singapore, Taiwan or China because their hometown is there and they can go there and still work for my company.’ This is the next evolution.” He has many more choices.

Added Michael Dell, founder of Dell Inc.: “I always remind people that 96 percent of our potential new customers today live outside of America.” That’s the rest of the world. And if companies like Dell want to sell to them, he added, it needs to design and manufacture some parts of its products in their countries.

This is the world we are living in. It is not going away. But America can thrive in this world, explained Yossi Sheffi, the M.I.T. logistics expert, if it empowers “as many of our workers as possible to participate” in different links of these global supply chains — either imagining products, designing products, marketing products, orchestrating the supply chain for products, manufacturing high-end products and retailing products. If we get our share, we’ll do fine.

And here’s the good news: We have a huge natural advantage to compete in this kind of world, if we just get our act together.

In a world where the biggest returns go to those who imagine and design a product, there is no higher imagination-enabling society than America. In a world where talent is the most important competitive advantage, there is no country that historically welcomed talented immigrants more than America. In a world in which protection for intellectual property and secure capital markets is highly prized by innovators and investors alike, there is no country safer than America. In a world in which the returns on innovation are staggering, our government funding of bioscience, new technology and clean energy is a great advantage. In a world where logistics will be the source of a huge number of middle-class jobs, we have FedEx and U.P.S.

If only — if only — we could come together on a national strategy to enhance and expand all of our natural advantages: more immigration, most post-secondary education, better infrastructure, more government research, smart incentives for spurring millions of start-ups — and a long-term plan to really fix our long-term debt problems — nobody could touch us. We’re that close.

What does Friedman suggest elected leaders need to do? In your opinion what do you think should be the role of corporate leadership?

All of this is considered one question, but I tried to seperate them. Read President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address. Then answer the questions that follow on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What sentence states the main idea?

2. What other clues do you find to help

you identify the main idea?

3. In one sentence, state the writer’s

main point in your own words.

4. What details does the writer use to

support the main idea?

5. What does the USA Freedom Corps

seek to do?

APPLYING THE SKILL

DIRECTIONS:

Use a local newspaper or the Internet to locate an article about a volunteer organization in your community.

Identify the main idea and restate

it in your own words. Then create a list

of the details the writer uses to support

the main idea.

_

_

_

President Bush’s State of the Union

Address—January 29, 2002

None of us would ever wish the evil that was done on September the 11th. Yet after America was attacked, it was as if our entire country looked into a mirror and saw our better selves. We were reminded that we are citizens, with obligations to each other, to our country, and to history. We began to think less of thegoods we can accumulate, and more about the good we can do.

For too long our culture has said, “If it feels good, do it.” Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: “Let’s roll.” In the sacrifice of soldiers, the fierce brotherhood of firefighters, and the bravery and generosity of ordinary citizens, we have glimpsed what a new culture of responsibility could look like. We want to be a nation that serves goals larger than self.

We’ve been offered a unique opportunity, and we must not let this moment pass.

My call tonight is for every American to commit at least two years—4,000 hours over the rest of your lifetime—to the service of your neighbors and your nation. Many are already serving, and I thank you. If you aren’t sure how to help, I’ve got a good place to start. To sustain and extend the best that has emerged in America, I invite you to join the new USA Freedom Corps. The Freedom Corps will focus on three areas of need: responding in case of crisis at home; rebuilding our communities; and

extending American compassion throughout the world. . . . This time of adversity offers a

unique moment of opportunity—a moment we must seize to change our culture. Through the gathering momentum of millions of acts of service and decency and kindness, I know we can overcome evil with greater good. And we have a great opportunity during this time of war to lead

the world toward the values that will bring lasting peace.